Contents
Introduction....................................................... ix
Document Conventions.............................................. x
Chapter 1 Tools................................................... 1
Microsoft® CodeView® Debugger..................................... 2
CVPACK......................................................... 3
EXEHDR......................................................... 3
EXP............................................................. 4
HELPMAKE...................................................... 4
H2INC........................................................... 6
IMPLIB.......................................................... 7
LIB............................................................. 7
LINK............................................................ 8
MASM......................................................... 11
ML............................................................ 12
NMAKE........................................................ 14
PWB (Programmer’s WorkBench)................................... 16
PWBRMAKE.................................................... 17
QuickHelp....................................................... 18
RM............................................................ 19
UNDEL......................................................... 20
Chapter 2 Directives............................................... 21
Topical Cross-reference for Directives................................ 22
Directives....................................................... 25
Chapter 3 Symbols and Operators..................................... 39
Topical Cross-reference for Symbols................................. 40
Topical Cross-reference for Operators................................ 41
Predefined Symbols............................................ 43
Operators..................................................... 44
Run-Time Operators............................................ 48
Chapter 4 Processor............................................... 49
Topical Cross-reference for Processor Instructions...................... 50
Interpreting Processor Instructions................................... 53
Flags........................................................ 53
Clock Speeds.................................................. 54
Timings on the 8088 and 8086 Processors........................ 55
Timings on the 80286–80486 Processors......................... 56
Interpreting Encodings............................................. 56
Interpreting 80386/486 Encoding Extensions........................... 59
16-Bit Encoding................................................ 60
32-Bit Encoding................................................ 60
Address-Size Prefix.......................................... 60
Operand-Size Prefix.......................................... 60
Encoding Differences for 32-Bit Operations....................... 60
Scaled Index Base Byte....................................... 61
Instructions...................................................... 64
AAA ASCII Adjust After Addition.................................. 64
AAD ASCII Adjust Before Division................................. 64
AAM ASCII Adjust After Multiply.................................. 65
AAS ASCII Adjust After Subtraction................................ 65
ADC Add With Carry............................................ 66
ADD Add...................................................... 67
AND Logical AND.............................................. 68
ARPL Adjust Requested Privilege Level.............................. 69
BOUND Check Array Bounds..................................... 69
BSF/BSR Bit Scan............................................... 70
BSWAP Byte Swap.............................................. 71
BT/BTC/BTR/BTS Bit Tests....................................... 72
CALL Call Procedure............................................ 73
CBW Convert Byte to Word....................................... 74
CDQ Convert Double to Quad..................................... 75
CLC Clear Carry Flag............................................ 75
CLD Clear Direction Flag......................................... 76
CLI Clear Interrupt Flag.......................................... 76
CLTS Clear Task Switched Flag................................... 76
CMC Complement Carry Flag..................................... 77
CMP Compare Two Operands..................................... 77
CMPS/CMPSB/CMPSW/CMPSD Compare String..................... 79
CMPXCHG Compare and Exchange................................ 80
CWD Convert Word to Double.................................... 80
CWDE Convert Word to Extended Double........................... 81
DAA Decimal Adjust After Addition................................. 81
DAS Decimal Adjust After Subtraction.............................. 82
DEC Decrement................................................ 82
DIV Unsigned Divide............................................ 83
ENTER Make Stack Frame....................................... 84
HLT Halt...................................................... 84
IDIV Signed Divide.............................................. 85
IMUL Signed Multiply............................................ 85
IN Input from Port.............................................. 87
INC Increment................................................. 88
INS/INSB/INSW/INSD Input from Port to String..................... 89
INT Interrupt.................................................. 89
INTO Interrupt on Overflow...................................... 90
INVD Invalidate Data Cache....................................... 91
INVLPG Invalidate TLB Entry..................................... 91
IRET/IRETD Interrupt Return..................................... 92
Jcondition Jump Conditionally..................................... 92
JCXZ/JECXZ Jump if CX is Zero.................................. 94
JMP Jump Unconditionally........................................ 94
LAHF Load Flags into AH Register................................. 96
LAR Load Access Rights......................................... 96
LDS/LES/LFS/LGS/LSS Load Far Pointer........................... 97
LEA Load Effective Address...................................... 98
LEAVE High Level Procedure Exit.................................. 99
LES/LFS/LGS Load Far Pointer to Extra Segment..................... 99
LGDT/LIDT/LLDT Load Descriptor Table........................... 99
LMSW Load Machine Status Word................................ 100
LOCK Lock the Bus............................................ 101
LODS/LODSB/LODSW/LODSD Load Accumulator from String........ 101
LOOP/LOOPW/LOOPD Loop.................................... 102
LOOPcondition/LOOPconditionW/LOOPconditionD Loop Conditionally... 102
LSL Load Segment Limit........................................ 103
LSS Load Far Pointer to Stack Segment............................ 104
LTR Load Task Register......................................... 104
MOV Move Data............................................... 105
MOV Move to/from Special Registers.............................. 106
MOVS/MOVSB/MOVSW/MOVSD Move String Data................. 108
MOVSX Move with Sign-Extend.................................. 108
MOVZX Move with Zero-Extend.................................. 109
MUL Unsigned Multiply......................................... 109
NEG Two’s Complement Negation................................ 110
NOP No Operation............................................. 111
NOT One’s Complement Negation................................. 111
OR Inclusive OR............................................... 112
OUT Output to Port............................................ 113
OUTS/OUTSB/OUTSW/OUTSD Output String to Port................ 113
POP Pop..................................................... 114
POPA/POPAD Pop All.......................................... 115
POPF/POPFD Pop Flags........................................ 116
PUSH/PUSHW/PUSHD Push..................................... 116
PUSHA/PUSHAD Push All....................................... 117
PUSHF/PUSHFD Push Flags..................................... 118
RCL/RCR/ROL/ROR Rotate...................................... 118
REP Repeat String.............................................. 120
REPcondition Repeat String Conditionally........................... 122
RET/RETN/RETF Return from Procedure.......................... 123
ROL/ROR Rotate.............................................. 124
SAHF Store AH into Flags....................................... 124
SAL/SAR Shift................................................ 125
SBB Subtract with Borrow....................................... 125
SCAS/SCASB/SCASW/SCASD Scan String Flags.................... 126
SETcondition Set Conditionally................................... 127
SGDT/SIDT/SLDT Store Descriptor Table.......................... 128
SHL/SHR/SAL/SAR Shift........................................ 129
SHLD/SHRD Double Precision Shift............................... 131
SMSW Store Machine Status Word................................ 133
STC Set Carry Flag............................................. 134
STD Set Direction Flag.......................................... 134
STI Set Interrupt Flag........................................... 134
STOS/STOSB/STOSW/STOSD Store String Data.................... 135
STR Store Task Register........................................ 136
SUB Subtract.................................................. 136
TEST Logical Compare......................................... 137
VERR/VERW Verify Read or Write................................ 138
WAIT Wait................................................... 139
WBINVD Write Back and Invalidate Data Cache...................... 140
XADD Exchange and Add....................................... 140
XCHG Exchange............................................... 141
XLAT/XLATB Translate......................................... 141
XOR Exclusive OR............................................. 142
Chapter 5 Coprocessor............................................ 145
Topical Cross-reference for Coprocessor Instructions................... 146
Interpreting Coprocessor Instructions................................ 148
F2XM1 2X–1................................................. 150
FABS Absolute Value........................................... 150
FADD/FADDP/FIADD Add...................................... 151
FBLD Load BCD............................................... 151
FBSTP Store BCD and Pop...................................... 151
FCHS Change Sign............................................. 152
FCLEX/FNCLEX Clear Exceptions................................ 152
FCOM/FCOMP/FCOMPP/FICOM/FICOMP Compare................. 152
FCOS Cosine.................................................. 154
FDECSTP Decrement Stack Pointer............................... 154
FDISI/FNDISI Disable Interrupts................................. 154
FDIV/FDIVP/FIDIV Divide...................................... 155
FDIVR/FDIVRP/FIDIVR Divide Reversed.......................... 156
FENI/FNENI Enable Interrupts................................... 156
FFREE Free Register........................................... 157
FIADD/FISUB/FISUBR/FIMUL/FIDIV/FIDIVR Integer Arithmetic...... 157
FICOM/FICOMP Compare Integer................................ 157
FILD Load Integer............................................. 157
FINCSTP Increment Stack Pointer................................ 158
FINIT/FNINIT Initialize Coprocessor.............................. 158
FIST/FISTP Store Integer....................................... 158
FLD/FILD/FBLD Load.......................................... 159
FLD1/FLDZ/FLDPI/FLDL2E/FLDL2T/FLDLG2/FLDLN2 Load Constant. 159
FLDCW Load Control Word..................................... 161
FLDENV/FLDENVW/FLDENVD Load Environment State............. 161
FMUL/FMULP/FIMUL Multiply................................... 161
FNinstruction No-Wait Instructions................................ 162
FNOP No Operation............................................ 163
FPATAN Partial Arctangent...................................... 163
FPREM Partial Remainder....................................... 163
FPREM1 Partial Remainder (IEEE Compatible)....................... 164
FPTAN Partial Tangent.......................................... 165
FRNDINT Round to Integer...................................... 165
FRSTOR/FRSTORW/FRSTORD Restore Saved State................. 166
FSAVE/FSAVEW/FSAVED/FNSAVE/FNSAVEW/FNSAVED
Save Coprocessor State........................................... 166
FSCALE Scale................................................. 167
FSETPM Set Protected Mode.................................... 167
FSIN Sine.................................................... 168
FSINCOS Sine and Cosine....................................... 168
FSQRT Square Root............................................ 169
FST/FSTP/FIST/FISTP/FBSTP Store.............................. 169
FSTCW/FNSTCW Store Control Word............................. 170
FSTENV/FSTENVW/FSTENVD/FNSTENV/FNSTENVW/FNSTENVD
Store Environment State........................................... 170
FSTSW/FNSTSW Store Status Word.............................. 171
FSUB/FSUBP/FISUB Subtract.................................... 171
FSUBR/FSUBRP/FISUBR Subtract Reversed........................ 172
FTST Test for Zero............................................ 173
FUCOM/FUCOMP/FUCOMPP Unordered Compare................... 173
FWAIT Wait.................................................. 174
FXAM Examine................................................ 175
FXCH Exchange Registers....................................... 176
FXTRACT Extract Exponent and Significand........................ 176
FYL2X Y log2(X).............................................. 176
FYL2XP1 Y log2(X+1).......................................... 177
Chapter 6 Macros................................................ 179
Introduction.................................................... 180
BIOS.INC...................................................... 180
CMACROS.INC, CMACROS.NEW................................. 180
MS-DOS.INC................................................... 183
MACROS.INC.................................................. 184
PROLOGUE.INC................................................ 185
WIN.INC...................................................... 185
Chapter 7 Tables................................................. 187
ASCII Codes.................................................... 188
Key Codes...................................................... 190
MS-DOS Program Segment Prefix (PSP)............................. 192
Color Display Attributes........................................... 193
Hexadecimal-Binary-Decimal Conversion............................. 194