Chapter 4

Processor


Topical Cross-reference for Processor Instructions................... 50

Interpreting Processor Instructions.............................. 53

Flags................................................. 53

Syntax................................................ 54

Examples.............................................. 54

Clock Speeds........................................... 54

Timings on the 8088 and 8086 Processors..................... 55

Timings on the 80286-80486 Processors...................... 56

Interpreting Encodings....................................... 56

Interpreting 80386–80486 Encoding Extensions...................... 59

16-bit Encoding.......................................... 60

32-bit Encoding.......................................... 60

Address-Size Prefix..................................... 60

Operand-Size Prefix.................................... 60

Encoding Differences for 32-Bit Operations.................... 60

Scaled Index Base Byte.................................. 61

Instructions............................................... 64

 

Topical Cross-reference for Processor Instructions

Arithmetic

ADC

ADD

DEC

DIV

IDIV

IMUL

INC

MUL

NEG

SBB

SUB

XADD#

 

BCD Conversion

AAA

AAD

AAM

AAS

DAA

DAS

 

Bit Operations

AND

BSF§

BSR§

BT§

BTC§

BTR§

BTS§

NOT

OR

RCL

RCR

ROL

ROR

SAR

SHL/SAL

SHLD§

SHR

SHRD§

XOR

 

Compare

BT§

BTC§

BTR§

BTS§

CMP

CMPS

CMPXCHG#

TEST

 

Conditional Set

SETA/SETNBE§

SETAE/SETNB§

SETB/SETNAE§

SETBE/SETNA§

SETC§

SETE/SETZ§

SETG/SETNLE§

SETGE/SETNL§

SETL/SETNGE§

SETLE/SETNG§

SETNC§

SETNE/SETNZ§

SETNO§

SETNP/SETPO§

SETNS§

SETO§

SETP/SETPE§

SETS§

 

* 80186–80486 only.              † 80286–80486 only.

§ 80386–80486 only.                                       # 80486 only.

 

Conditional Transfer

BOUND*

INTO

JA/JNBE

JAE/JNB

JB/JNAE

JBE/JNA

JC

JCXZ/JECXZ

JE/JZ

JG/JNLE

JGE/JNL

JL/JNGE

JLE/JNG

JNC

JNE/JNZ

JNO

JNP/JPO

JNS

JO

JP/JPE

JS

 

Data Transfer

BSWAP#

CMPXCHG#

LDS/LES

LEA

LFS/LGS/LSS§

LODS

MOV

MOVS

MOVSX§

MOVZX§

STOS

XADD#

XCHG

XLAT/XLATB

 

Flag

CLC

CLD

CLI

CMC

LAHF

POPF

PUSHF

SAHF

STC

STD

STI

 

Input/Output

IN

INS*

OUT

OUTS*

 

Loop

JCXZ/JECXZ

LOOP

LOOPE/LOOPZ

LOOPNE/LOOPNZ

 

* 80186–80486 only.              † 80286–80486 only.

§ 80386–80486 only.                                       # 80486 only.

 

Process Control

ARPL†

CLTS†

LAR†

LGDT/LIDT/LLDT†

LMSW†

LSL†

LTR†

SGDT/SIDT/SLDT†

SMSW†

STR†

VERR†

VERW†

MOV special§

INVD#

INVLPG#

WBINVD#

Processor Control

HLT

LOCK

NOP

WAIT

 

Stack

PUSH

PUSHF

PUSHA*

PUSHAD*

POP

POPF

POPA*

POPAD*

ENTER*

LEAVE*

 

String

MOVS

LODS

STOS

SCAS

CMPS

INS*

OUTS*

REP

REPE/REPZ

REPNE/REPNZ

 

Type Conversion

CBW

CWD

CWDE§

CDQ§

BSWAP#

 

 

Unconditional Transfer

CALL

INT

IRET

RET

RETN/RETF

JMP

 

* 80186–80486 only.              † 80286–80486 only.

§ 80386–80486 only.                                       # 80486 only.

 

Interpreting Processor Instructions

The following sections explain the format of instructions for the 8086, 8088, 80286, 80386, and 80486 processors. Those instructions begin on page 64.

 

Flags

Only the flags common to all processors are shown. If none of the flags is affected by the instruction, the flag line says No change. If flags can be affected, a two-line entry is shown. The first line shows flag abbreviations as follows:

Abbreviation

Flag

O

Overflow

D

Direction

I

Interrupt

T

Trap

S

Sign

Z

Zero

A

Auxiliary carry

P

Parity

C

Carry

 

The second line has codes indicating how the flag can be affected:

Code

Effect

1

Sets the flag

0

Clears the flag

?

May change the flag, but the value is not predictable

blank

No effect on the flag

±

Modifies according to the rules associated with the flag

 

 

Syntax

Each encoding variation may have different syntaxes corresponding to different addressing modes. The following abbreviations are used:

reg    A general-purpose register of any size.

segreg    One of the segment registers: DS, ES, SS, or CS (also FS or GS on the 80386–80486).

accum    An accumulator register of any size: AL or AX (also EAX on the 80386–80486).

mem    A direct or indirect memory operand of any size.

label    A labeled memory location in the code segment.

src,dest    A source or destination memory operand used in a string operation.

immed    A constant operand.

In some cases abbreviations have numeric suffixes to specify that the operand must be a particular size. For example, reg16 means that only a 16-bit (word) register is accepted.

Examples

One or more examples are shown for each syntax. Their position is not related to the clock speeds in the right column.

Clock Speeds

Column 3 shows the clock speeds for each processor. Sometimes an instruction may have more than one clock speed. Multiple speeds are separated by commas. If several speeds are part of an expression, they are enclosed in parentheses. The following abbreviations are used to specify variations:

EA    Effective address. This applies only to the 8088 and 8086 processors, as described in the next section.

b,w,d    Byte, word, or doubleword operands.

pm    Protected mode.

n    Iterations. Repeated instructions may have a base number of clocks plus a number of clocks for each iteration. For example, 8+4n means 8 clocks plus 4 clocks for each iteration. 

noj    No jump. For conditional jump instructions, noj indicates the speed if the condition is false and the jump is not taken.

 

m    Next instruction components. Some control transfer instructions take different times depending on the length of the next instruction executed. On the 8088 and 8086, m is never a factor. On the 80286, m is the number of bytes in the instruction. On the 80386–80486, m is the number of components. Each byte of encoding is a component, and the displacement and data are separate components.

W88,88    8088 exceptions. See “Timings on the 8088 and 8086 Processors,” following.

Clocks can be converted to nanoseconds by dividing 1 microsecond by the number of megahertz (MHz) at which the processor is running. For example, on a processor running at 8 MHz, 1 clock takes 125 nanoseconds (1000 MHz per nanosecond / 8 MHz).

The clock counts are for best-case timings. Actual timings vary depending on wait states, alignment of the instruction, the status of the prefetch queue, and other factors.

Timings on the 8088 and 8086 Processors

Because of its 8-bit data bus, the 8088 always requires two fetches to get a 16-bit operand. Therefore, instructions that work on 16-bit memory operands take longer on the 8088 than on the 8086. Separate 8088 timings are shown in parentheses following the main timing. For example, 9 (W88=13) means that the 8086 with any operands or the 8088 with byte operands take 9 clocks, but the 8088 with word operands takes 13 clocks. Similarly, 16 (88=24) means that the 8086 takes 16 clocks, but the 8088 takes 24 clocks.

On the 8088 and 8086, the effective address (EA) value must be added for instructions that operate on memory operands. A displacement is any direct memory or constant operand, or any combination of the two. The following shows the number of clocks to add for the effective address:

Components

EA Clocks

Examples

Displacement

6

mov  ax,stuff
mov  ax,stuff+2

Base or index

5

mov  ax,[bx]
mov  ax,[di]

Displacement
plus base or index

9

mov  ax,[bp+8]
mov  ax,stuff[di]

Base plus index (BP+DI, BX+SI)

7

mov  ax,[bx+si]
mov  ax,[bp+di]

 

Components

EA Clocks

Examples

Base plus index (BP+SI, BX+DI)

8

mov  ax,[bx+di]
mov  ax,[bp+si]

Base plus index plus displacement (BP+DI+disp, BX+SI+disp)

11

mov  ax,stuff[bx+si]
mov  ax,[bp+di+8]

Base plus index
plus displacement (BP+SI+disp, BX+DI+disp)

12

mov  ax,stuff[bx+di]
mov  ax,[bp+si+20]

Segment override

EA+2

mov  ax,es:stuff
mov  ax,ds:[bp+10]

 

Timings on the 80286–80486 Processors

On the 80286–80486 processors, the effective address calculation is handled by hardware and is therefore not a factor in clock calculations except in one case. If a memory operand includes all three possible elements a displacement, a base register, and an index register then add one clock. On the 80486, the extra clock is not always used. Examples are shown in the following.

mov     ax,[bx+di]

;No extra

mov     ax,array[bx+di]

;One extra

mov     ax,[bx+di+6]

;One extra

 

 

Note

80186 and 80188 timings are different from 8088, 8086, and 80286 timings. They are not shown in this manual. Timings are also not shown for protected-mode transfers through gates or for the virtual 8086 mode available on the 80386–80486 processors.

 

Interpreting Encodings

Encodings are shown for each variation of the instruction. This section describes encoding for all processors except the 80386–80486. The encodings take the form of boxes filled with 0s and 1s for bits that are constant for the instruction variation, and abbreviations (in italics) for the following variable bits or bitfields:

d    Direction bit. If set, do memory to register; the reg field is the destination. If clear, do register to memory or register to register; the reg field is the source.

a    Accumulator direction bit. If set, move accumulator register to memory. If clear, move memory to accumulator register.

w    Word/byte bit. If set, use 16-bit or 32-bit operands. If clear, use 8-bit operands.

 

s    Sign bit. If set, sign-extend 8-bit immediate data to 16 bits.

mod    Mode. This 2-bit field gives the register/memory mode with displacement. The possible values are shown below:

mod

Meaning

00

This value can have two meanings:
   If r/m is 110, a direct memory operand is used.
   If r/m is not 110, the displacement is 0 and an indirect memory operand is
   used. The operand must be based, indexed, or based indexed.

01

An indirect memory operand is used with an 8-bit displacement.

10

An indirect memory operand is used with a 16-bit displacement.

11

A two-register instruction is used; the reg field specifies the destination and the r/m field specifies the source.

 

reg    Register. This 3-bit field specifies one of the general-purpose registers:

reg

16/32-bit if w=1

8-bit if w=0

000

AX/EAX

AL

001

CX/ECX

CL

010

DX/EDX

DL

011

BX/EBX

BL

100

SP/ESP

AH

101

BP/EBP

CH

110

SI/ESI

DH

111

DI/EDI

BH

 

The reg field is sometimes used to specify encoding information rather than a register.

sreg    Segment register. This field specifies one of the segment registers:

sreg

Register

000

ES

001

CS

010

SS

011

DS

100

FS

101

GS

 

r/m    Register/memory. This 3-bit field specifies a register or memory r/m operand.

If the mod field is 11, r/m specifies the source register using the reg field codes. Otherwise, the field has one of the following values:

r/m

Operand Address

000

DS:[BX+SI+disp]

001

DS:[BX+DI+disp]

010

SS:[BP+SI+disp]

011

SS:[BP+DI+disp]

100

DS:[SI+disp]

101

DS:[DI+disp]

110

SS:[BP+disp]*

111

DS:[BX+disp]

* If mod is 00 and r/m is 110, then the operand is treated as a direct memory operand. This means that the operand [BP] is encoded as [BP+0] rather than having a short-form like other register indirect operands. Encoding [BX] takes one byte, but encoding [BP] takes two.

 

disp    Displacement. These bytes give the offset for memory operands. The possible lengths (in bytes) are shown in parentheses. 

data    Data. These bytes give the actual value for constant values. The possible lengths (in bytes) are shown in parentheses.

If a memory operand has a segment override, the entire instruction has one of the following bytes as a prefix:

Prefix

Segment

00101110 (2Eh)

CS

00111110 (3Eh)

DS

00100110 (26h)

ES

00110110 (36h)

SS

01100100 (64h)

FS

01100101 (65h)

GS

 

Example

As an example, assume you want to calculate the encoding for the following statement (where warray is a 16-bit variable):

        add     warray[bx+di], -3

 

First look up the encoding for the immediate-to-memory syntax of the ADD instruction:

100000sw  mod,000,r/m  disp (0, 1, or 2)  data (0, 1, or 2)

Since the destination is a word operand, the w bit is set. The 8-bit immediate data must be sign-extended to 16 bits to fit into the operand, so the s bit is also set. The first byte of the instruction is therefore 10000011 (83h).

Since the memory operand can be anywhere in the segment, it must have a 16-bit offset (displacement). Therefore the mod field is 10. The reg field is 000, as shown in the encoding. The r/m coding for [bx+di+disp] is 001. The second byte is 10000001 (81h).

The next two bytes are the offset of warray. The low byte of the offset is stored first and the high byte second. For this example, assume that warray is located at offset 10EFh.

The last byte of the instruction is used to store the 8-bit immediate value –3 (FDh). This value is encoded as 8 bits (but sign-extended to 16 bits by the processor).

The encoding is shown here in hexadecimal:

83 81 EF 10 FD

You can confirm this by assembling the instruction and looking at the resulting assembly listing.

Interpreting 80386–80486 Encoding Extensions

This book shows 80386–80486 encodings for instructions that are available only on the 80386–80486 processors. For other instructions, encodings are shown only for the 16-bit subset available on all processors. This section tells how to convert the 80286 encodings shown in the book to 80386–80486 encodings that use extensions such as 32-bit registers and memory operands.

The extended 80386–80486 encodings differ in that they can have additional prefix bytes, a Scaled Index Base (SIB) byte, and 32-bit displacement and immediate bytes. Use of these elements is closely tied to the segment word size. The use type of the code segment determines whether the instructions are processed in 32-bit mode (USE32) or 16-bit mode (USE16). Current versions of MS-DOS® and Microsoft® Windows use 16-bit mode only. Windows NT uses 32-bit mode.

The bytes that can appear in an instruction encoding are:

 

16-Bit Encoding

Opcode

mod-reg-r/m

disp

immed

(1-2)

(0-1)

(0-2)

(0-2)

 

32-Bit Encoding

Address-Size (67h)


Operand-Size (66h)



Opcode


mod-reg-r/m

Scaled Index Base



disp



immed

(0-1)

(0-1)

(1-2)

(0-1)

(0-1)

(0-4)

(0-4)

 

Additional bytes may be added for a segment prefix, a repeat prefix, or the LOCK prefix.

Address-Size Prefix

The address-size prefix determines the segment word size of the operation. It can override the default size for calculating the displacement of memory addresses. The address prefix byte is 67h. The assembler automatically inserts this byte where appropriate.

In 32-bit mode (USE32 or FLAT code segment), displacements are calculated as 32-bit addresses. The effective address-size prefix must be used for any instructions that must calculate addresses as 16-bit displacements. In 16-bit mode, the defaults are reversed. The prefix must be used to specify calculation of 32-bit displacements.

Operand-Size Prefix

The operand-size prefix determines the size of operands. It can override the default size of registers or memory operands. The operand-size prefix byte is 66h. The assembler automatically inserts this byte where appropriate.

In 32-bit mode, the default sizes for operands are 8 bits and 32 bits (depending on the w bit). For most instructions, the operand-size prefix must be used for any instructions that use 16-bit operands. In 16-bit mode, the default sizes are 8 bits and 16 bits. The prefix must be used for any instructions that use 32-bit operands. Some instructions use 16-bit operands, regardless of mode.

Encoding Differences for 32-Bit Operations

When 32-bit operations are performed, the meaning of certain bits or fields is different from their meaning in 16-bit operations. The changes may affect default operations in 32-bit mode, or 16-bit mode operations in which the address-size prefix or the operand-size prefix is used. The following fields may have a different meaning for 32-bit operations from their meaning as described in the “Interpreting Encodings” section:

w    Word/byte bit. If set, use 32-bit operands. If clear, use 8-bit operands.

s    Sign bit. If set, sign-extend 8-bit and 16-bit immediate data to 32 bits.

mod    Mode. This field indicates the register/memory mode. The value 11 still indicates a register-to-register operation with r/m containing the code for a 32-bit source register. However, other codes have different meanings as shown in the tables in the next section.

reg    Register. The codes for 16-bit registers are extended to 32-bit registers. For example, if the reg field is 000, EAX is used instead of AX. Use of 8-bit registers is unchanged.

sreg    Segment register. The 80386 has the following additional segment registers:

sreg

Register

100

FS

101

GS

 

r/m    Register/memory. If the r/m field is used for the source register, 32-bit registers are used as for the reg field. If the field is used for memory operands, the meaning is completely different from the meaning used for 16-bit operations, as shown in the tables in the next section.

disp    Displacement. This field is 4 bytes for 32-bit addresses.

data    Data. Immediate data can be up to 4 bytes.

Scaled Index Base Byte

Many 80386–80486 extended memory operands are too complex to be represented by a single mod-reg-r/m byte. For these operands, a value of 100 in the r/m field signals the presence of a second encoding byte called the Scaled Index Base (SIB) byte. The SIB byte is made up of the following fields:

ss  index  base

ss    Scaling Field. This two-bit field specifies one of the following scaling factors:

ss

Scale

00

1

01

2

10

4

11

8

 

index    Index Register. This three-bit field specifies one of the following index registers:

index

Register

000

EAX

001

ECX

010

EDX

011

EBX

100

no index

101

EBP

110

ESI

111

EDI

 

 

Note

ESP cannot be an index register. If the index field is 100, the ss field
must be 00.

 

base    Base Register. This 3-bit field combines with the mod field to specify the base register and the displacement. Note that the base field only specifies the base when the r/m field is 100. Otherwise, the r/m field specifies the base.

The possible combinations of the mod, r/m, scale, index, and base fields are as follows:

   

If a memory operand has a segment override, the entire instruction has one of the prefixes discussed in the preceding section, “Interpreting Encodings,” or one of the following prefixes for the segment registers available only on the 80386–80486:

Prefix

Segment

01100100    (64h)

FS

01100101    (65h)

GS

 

Example

Assume you want to calculate the encoding for the following statement (where warray is a 16-bit variable). Assume that the instruction is used in 16-bit mode.

        add     warray[eax+ecx*2], -3

First look up the encoding for the immediate-to-memory syntax of the ADD instruction:

100000sw  mod,000,r/m  disp (0, 1, or 2)    data (1 or 2)

This encoding must be expanded to account for 80386–80486 extensions. Note that the instruction operates on 16-bit data in a 16-bit mode program. Therefore, the operand-size prefix is not needed. However, the instruction does use 32-bit registers to calculate a 32-bit effective address. Thus the first byte of the encoding must be the effective address-size prefix, 01100111 (67h).

The opcode byte is the same (83h) as for the 80286 example described in the “Interpreting Encodings” section.

The mod-reg-r/m byte must specify a based indexed operand with a scaling factor of two. This operand cannot be specified with a single byte, so the encoding must also use the SIB byte. The value 100 in the r/m field specifies an SIB byte. The reg field is 000, as shown in the encoding. The mod field is 10 for operands that have base and scaled index registers and a 32-bit displacement. The combined mod, reg, and r/m fields for the second byte are 10000100 (84h).

The SIB byte is next. The scaling factor is 2, so the ss field is 01. The index register is ECX, so the index field is 001. The base register is EAX, so the base field is 000. The SIB byte is 01001000 (48h).

The next 4 bytes are the offset of warray. The low bytes are stored first. For this example, assume that warray is located at offset 10EFh. This offset only requires 2 bytes, but 4 must be supplied because of the addressing mode. A 32-bit address can be safely used in 16-bit mode as long as the upper word is 0.

The last byte of the instruction is used to store the 8-bit immediate value –3 (FDh). The encoding is shown here in hexadecimal:

67 83 84 48 00 00 EF 10 FD


Instructions

This section provides an alphabetical reference to the instructions for the 8086, 8088, 80286, 80386, and 80486 processors.

 

AAA    ASCII Adjust After Addition

Adjusts the result of an addition to a decimal digit (0–9). The previous addition instruction should place its 8-bit sum in AL. If the sum is greater than 9h, AH is incremented and the carry and auxiliary carry flags are set. Otherwise, the carry and auxiliary carry flags are cleared.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
?                  ?   ?   ±   ?   ±

Encoding

00110111

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

AAA

aaa

88/86
286
386
486

8
3
4
3

 

 

AAD    ASCII Adjust Before Division

Converts unpacked BCD digits in AH (most significant digit) and AL (least significant digit) to a binary number in AX. This instruction is often used to prepare an unpacked BCD number in AX for division by an unpacked BCD digit in an 8-bit register.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
?                  ±   ±   ?   ±   ?

Encoding

11010101    00001010

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

AAD

aad

88/86
286
386
486

60
14
19
14

 

 

AAM    ASCII Adjust After Multiply

Converts an 8-bit binary number less than 100 decimal in AL to an unpacked BCD number in AX. The most significant digit goes in AH and the least significant in AL. This instruction is often used to adjust the product after a MUL instruction that multiplies unpacked BCD digits in AH and AL. It is also used to adjust the quotient after a DIV instruction that divides a binary number less than 100 decimal in AX by an unpacked BCD number.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
?                  ±   ±   ?   ±   ?

Encoding

11010100    00001010

 

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

AAM

aam

88/86
286
386
486

83
16
17
15

 

 

AAS    ASCII Adjust After Subtraction

Adjusts the result of a subtraction to a decimal digit (0–9). The previous subtraction instruction should place its 8-bit result in AL. If the result is greater than 9h, AH is decremented and the carry and auxiliary carry flags are set. Otherwise, the carry and auxiliary carry flags are cleared.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
?                  ?   ?   ±   ?   ±

Encoding

00111111

 

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

AAS

aas

88/86
286
386
486

8
3
4
3

 

 

ADC    Add with Carry

Adds the source operand, the destination operand, and the value of the carry flag. The result is assigned to the destination operand. This instruction is used to add the more significant portions of numbers that must be added in multiple registers.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
±                 ±   ±   ±   ±   ±

Encoding

000100dw    mod,reg,r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)

 

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

ADC  reg,reg

adc  dx,cx

88/86
286
386
486

3
2
2
1

ADC  mem,reg

adc  WORD PTR m32[2],dx

88/86
286
386
486

16+EA (W88=24+EA)
7
7
3

ADC  reg,mem

adc  dx,WORD PTR m32[2]

88/86
286
386
486

9+EA (W88=13+EA)
7
6
2

 

Encoding

100000sw    mod, 010,r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)    data (1 or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

ADC  reg,immed

adc  dx,12

88/86
286
386
486

4
3
2
1

ADC  mem,immed

adc  WORD PTR m32[2],16

88/86
286
386
486

17+EA (W88=23+EA)
7
7
3

 

Encoding

0001010w    data (1 or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

ADC  accum,immed

adc  ax,5

88/86
286
386
486

4
3
2
1

 

 

ADD    Add

Adds the source and destination operands and puts the sum in the destination operand.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
±                 ±   ±   ±   ±   ±

Encoding

000000dw    mod,reg,r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

ADD  reg,reg

add  ax,bx

88/86
286
386
486

3
2
2
1

ADD  mem, reg

add  total, cx
add  array[bx+di], dx

88/86
286
386
486

16+EA (W88=24+EA)
7
7
3

ADD  reg,mem

add  cx,incr
add  dx,[bp+6]

88/86
286
386
486

9+EA (W88=13+EA)
7
6
2

 

Encoding

100000sw    mod, 000,r/m    disp (p,1, or2)    data (1or2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

ADD  reg,immed

add  bx,6

88/86
286
386
486

4
3
2
1

ADD  mem,immed

add  amount,27
add  pointers[bx][si],6

88/86
286
386
486

17+EA (W88=23+EA)
7
7
3

 

Encoding

0000010w    data (1 or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

ADD  accum,immed

add  ax,10

88/86
286
386
486

4
3
2
1

 

 

AND    Logical AND

Performs a bitwise AND operation on the source and destination operands and stores the result in the destination operand. For each bit position in the operands, if both bits are set, the corresponding bit of the result is set. Otherwise, the corresponding bit of the result is cleared.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
0                 ±   ±   ?   ±   0

Encoding

001000dw    mod,reg,r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

AND  reg,reg

and  dx,bx

88/86
286
386
486

3
2
2
1

AND  mem,reg

and  bitmask,bx
and  [bp+2],dx

88/86
286
386
486

16+EA (W88=24+EA)
7
7
3

AND  reg,mem

and  bx,masker
and  dx,marray[bx+di]

88/86
286
386
486

9+EA (W88=13+EA)
7
6
2

 

Encoding

100000sw    mod, 100, r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)    data (1 or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

AND  reg,immed

and  dx,0F7h

88/86
286
386
486

4
3
2
1

AND  mem,immed

and  masker, 100lb

88/86
286
386
486

17+EA(W88=24+EA)
7
7
3

 

Encoding

0010010w    data (1 or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

AND  accum,immed

and  ax,0B6h

88/86
286
386
486

4
3
2
1

 

 

ARPL    Adjust Requested Privilege Level

80286–80486 Protected Only    Verifies that the destination Requested Privilege Level (RPL) field (bits 0 and 1 of a selector value) is less than the source RPL field. If it is not, ARPL adjusts the destination RPL to match the source RPL. The destination operand should be a 16-bit memory or register operand containing the value of a selector. The source operand should be a 16-bit register containing the test value. The zero flag is set if the destination is adjusted; otherwise, the flag is cleared. ARPL is useful only in 80286–80486 protected mode. See Intel documentation for details on selectors and privilege levels.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
                        ±           

Encoding

01100011    mod,reg,r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

ARPL  reg,reg

arpl  ax,cx

88/86
286
386
486


10
20
9

ARPL  mem,reg

arpl  selector,dx

88/86
286
386
486


11
21
9

 

 

BOUND    Check Array Bounds

80286–80486 Only    Verifies that a signed index value is within the bounds of an array. The destination operand can be any 16-bit register containing the index to be checked. The source operand must then be a 32-bit memory operand in which the low and high words contain the starting and ending values, respectively, of the array. (On the 80386–80486 processors, the destina–tion operand can be a 32-bit register; in this case, the source operand must be a 64-bit operand made up of 32-bit bounds.) If the source operand is less than the first bound or greater than the last bound, an interrupt 5 is generated. The instruction pointer pushed by the interrupt (and returned by IRET) points to the BOUND in–struction rather than to the next instruction.

Flags

No change

Encoding

01100010    mod,reg, r/m    disp (2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

BOUND  reg16,mem32
BOUND  reg32,mem64*

bound  di,base-4

88/86
286
386
486


noj=13†
noj=10†
noj=7

 

* 80386–80486 only.

† See INT for timings if interrupt 5 is called.

 

BSF/BSR    Bit Scan

80386–80486 Only    Scans an operand to find the first set bit. If a set bit is found, the zero flag is cleared and the destination operand is loaded with the bit index of the first set bit encountered. If no set bit is found, the zero flag is set. BSF (Bit Scan Forward) scans from bit 0 to the most significant bit. BSR (Bit Scan Reverse) scans from the most significant bit of an operand to bit 0.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
                        ±           

Encoding

00001111    10111100    mod, reg, r/m    disp (0, 1, 2, or 4)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

BSF  reg16,reg16
BSF  reg32,reg32

bsf  cx,bx

88/86
286
386
486



10+3n*
6–42†

BSF  reg16,mem16
BSF  reg32,mem32

bsf  ecx,bitmask

88/86
286
386
486



10+3n*
7–43§

 

 

Encoding

00001111    10111101    mod, reg, r/m    disp (0, 1, 2, or 4)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

BSR  reg16,reg16
BSR  reg32,reg32

bsr  cx,dx

88/86
286
386
486



10+3n*
103 – 3n#

BSR  reg16,mem16
BSR  reg32,mem32

bsr  eax,bitmask

88/86
286
386
486



10+3n*
104 – 3n#

 

* n = bit position from 0 to 31.
clocks = 6 if second operand equals 0.

† Clocks = 8 +
                4 for each byte scanned +
                3 for each nibble scanned +
                3 for each bit scanned in last nibble
                   or 6 if second operand equals 0.

§ Same as footnote above, but add 1 clock.

# n = bit position from 0 to 31.
clocks = 7 if second operand equals 0.

 

BSWAP    Byte Swap

80486 Only    Takes a single 32-bit register as operand and exchanges the first byte with the fourth, and the second byte with the third. This instruction does not alter any bit values within the bytes and is useful for quickly translating between 8086-family byte storage and storage schemes in which the high byte is stored first.

Flags

 No change

Encoding

00001111    11001 reg

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

BSWAP reg32

bswap  eax
bswap  ebx

88/86
286
386
486




1

 

 

BT/BTC/BTR/BTS    Bit Tests

80386–80486 Only    Copies the value of a specified bit into the carry flag, where it can be tested by a JC or JNC instruction. The destination operand specifies the value in which the bit is located; the source operand specifies the bit position. BT simply copies the bit to the flag. BTC copies the bit and complements (toggles) it in the destination. BTR copies the bit and resets (clears) it in the destination. BTS copies the bit and sets it in the destination.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
                                      ±

Encoding

00001111    10111010    mod, BBB*,r/m    disp (0, 1, 2, or 4)    data (1)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

BT  reg16,immed8

bt    ax,4

88/86
286
386
486



3
3

BTC  reg16,immed8
BTR  reg16,immed8
BTS  reg16,immed8

bts   ax,4
btr   bx,17
btc   edi,4

88/86
286
386
486



6
6

BT  mem16,immed8

btr   DWORD PTR [si],27
btc   color[di],4

88/86
286
386
486



6
3

BTC  mem16,immed8
BTR  mem16,immed8
BTS  mem16,immed8

btc   DWORD PTR [bx],27
btc   maskit,4
btr   color[di],4

88/86
286
386
486



8
8

 

Encoding

00001111    10BBB011*    mod, reg, r/m    disp (0, 1, 2, or 4)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

BT  reg16,reg16

bt   ax,bx

88/86
286
386
486



3
3

BTC  reg16,reg16
BTR  reg16,reg16
BTS  reg16,reg16

btc  eax,ebx
bts  bx,ax
btr  cx,di

88/86
286
386
486



6
6

 

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

BT  mem16,reg16

bt   [bx],dx

88/86
286
386
486



12
8

BTC  mem16,reg16
BTR  mem16,reg16
BTS  mem16,reg16

bts  flags[bx],cx
btr  rotate,cx
btc  [bp+8],si

88/86
286
386
486



13
13

 

* BBB is 100 for BT, 111 for BTC, 110 for BTR, and 101 for BTS.

† Operands also can be 32 bits (reg32 and mem32).

 

CALL    Call Procedure

Calls a procedure. The instruction pushes the address of the next instruction onto the stack and jumps to the address specified by the operand. For NEAR calls, the offset (IP) is pushed and the new offset is loaded into IP.

For FAR calls, the segment (CS) is pushed and the new segment is loaded into CS. Then the offset (IP) is pushed and the new offset is loaded into IP. A subsequent RET instruction can pop the address so that execution continues with the instruction following the call.

Flags

 No change

Encoding

11101000    disp (2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

CALL  label

call  upcase

88/86
286
386
486

19 (88=23)
7+m
7+m
3

 

Encoding

10011010    disp (4)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

CALL  label

call  FAR PTR job
call  distant

88/86
286
386
486

28 (88=36)
13+m,pm=26+m*
17+m,pm=34+m*
18,pm=20*

 

Encoding

11111111    mod,010,r/m

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

CALL  reg

call  ax

88/86
286
386
486

16 (88=20)
7+m
7+m
5

CALL  mem16

call  pointer

88/86

21+EA (88=29+EA)

CALL  mem32

call  [bx]

286
386
486

11+m
10+m
5

 

Encoding

11111111    mod,011,r/m

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

 

CALL  mem32

call  far_table[di]

88/86

37+EA (88=53+EA)

CALL  mem48

call  DWORD PTR [bx]

286
386
486

16+m,pm=29+m*
22+m,pm=38+m*
17,pm=20*

 

* Timings for calls through call and task gates are not shown, since they are used primarily in operating systems.

† 80386–80486 32-bit addressing mode only.

 

CBW    Convert Byte to Word

Converts a signed byte in AL to a signed word in AX by extending the sign bit of AL into all bits of AH.

Flags

 No change

Encoding

10011000*

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

CBW

cbw

88/86
286
386
486

2
2
3
3

 

* CBW and CWDE have the same encoding with two exceptions: in 32-bit mode, CBW is preceded by the operand-size byte (66h) but CWDE is not; in 16-bit mode, CWDE is preceded by the operand-size byte but CBW is not.

 

CDQ    Convert Double to Quad

80386–80486 Only    Converts the signed doubleword in EAX to a signed quadword in the EDX:EAX register pair by extending the sign bit of EAX into all bits of EDX.

Flags

 No change

Encoding

10011001*

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

CDQ

cdq

88/86
286
386
486



2
3

 

* CWD and CDQ have the same encoding with two exceptions: in 32-bit mode, CWD is preceded by the operand-size byte (66h) but CDQ is not; in 16-bit mode, CDQ is preceded by the operand-size byte but CWD is not.

 

CLC    Clear Carry Flag

Clears the carry flag.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
                                      0

Encoding

11111000

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

CLC

clc

88/86
286
386
486

2
2
2
2

 

 

CLD    Clear Direction Flag

Clears the direction flag. All subsequent string instructions will process up (from low addresses to high addresses) by increasing the appropriate index registers.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
     0

Encoding

11111100

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

CLD

cld

88/86
286
386
486

2
2
2
2

 

 

CLI    Clear Interrupt Flag

Clears the interrupt flag. When the interrupt flag is cleared, maskable interrupts are not recognized until the flag is set again with the STI instruction. In protected mode, CLI clears the flag only if the current task’s privilege level is less than or equal to the value of the IOPL flag. Otherwise, a general-protection fault occurs.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
          0                          

Encoding

11111010

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

CLI

cli

88/86
286
386
486

2
3
3
5

 

 

CLTS    Clear Task-Switched Flag

80286–80486 Privileged Only    Clears the task-switched flag in the Machine Status Word (MSW) of the 80286, or the CR0 register of the 80386–80486. This instruction can be used only in system software executing at privilege level 0. See Intel documentation for details on the task-switched flag and other privileged-mode concepts.

Flags

 No change

Encoding

00001111    00000110

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

CLTS

clts

88/86
286
386
486


2
5
7

 

 

CMC    Complement Carry Flag

Complements (toggles) the carry flag.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
                                      ±

Encoding

11110101

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

CMC

cmc

88/86
286
386
486

2
2
2
2

 

 

CMP    Compare Two Operands

Compares two operands as a test for a subsequent conditional-jump or set instruction. CMP does this by subtracting the source operand from the destination operand and setting the flags according to the result. CMP is the same as the SUB instruction, except that the result is not stored.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
±                 ±   ±   ±   ±   ±

Encoding

001110dw    mod, reg, r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

CMP  reg,reg

cmp  di,bx
cmp  dl,cl

88/86
286
386
486

3
2
2
1

CMP  mem,reg

cmp  maximum,dx
cmp  array[si],bl

88/86
286
386
486

9+EA (W88=13+EA)
7
5
2

CMP  reg,mem

cmp  dx,minimum
cmp  bh,array[si]

88/86
286
386
486

9+EA (W88=13+EA)
6
6
2

 

Encoding

100000sw    mod, 111,r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)    data (1 or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

CMP  reg,immed

cmp  bx,24

88/86
286
386
486

4
3
2
1

CMP  mem,immed

cmp  WORD PTR [di],4
cmp  tester,4000

88/86
286
386
486

10+EA (W88=14+EA)
6
5
2

 

Encoding

0011110w    data (1 or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

CMP  accum,immed

cmp  ax,1000

88/86
286
386
486

4
3
2
1

 

 

CMPS/CMPSB/CMPSW/CMPSD    Compare String

Compares two strings. DS:SI must point to the source string and ES:DI must point to the destination string (even if operands are given). For each comparison, the destination element is subtracted from the source element and the flags are updated to reflect the result (although the result is not stored). DI and SI are adjusted according to the size of the operands and the status of the direction flag. They are increased if the direction flag has been cleared with CLD, or decreased if the direction flag has been set with STD.

If the CMPS form of the instruction is used, operands must be provided to indicate the size of the data elements to be processed. A segment override can be given for the source (but not for the destination). If CMPSB (bytes), CMPSW (words), or CMPSD (doublewords on the 80386–80486 only) is used, the instruction determines the size of the data elements to be processed.

CMPS and its variations are normally used with repeat prefixes. REPNE (or REPNZ) is used to find the first match between two strings. REPE (or REPZ) is used to find the first mismatch. Before the comparison, CX should contain the maximum number of elements to compare. After a REPNE CMPS, the zero flag is clear if no match was found. After a REPE CMPS, the zero flag is set if no mismatch was found.

When the instruction finishes, ES:DI and DS:SI point to the element that follows (if the direction flag is clear) or precedes (if the direction flag is set) the match or mismatch. If CX decrements to 0, ES:DI and DS:SI point to the element that follows or precedes the last comparison. The zero flag is set or clear according to the result of the last comparison, not according to the value of CX.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
±                 ±   ±   ±   ±   ±

Encoding

1010011w

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

CMPS [[segreg:]] src, [[ES:]] dest
CMPSB [[[[segreg:[[ src, ]]ES:]] dest]]
CMPSW [[[[segreg:[[ src, ]]ES:]] dest]]
CMPSD [[[[segreg:[[ src, ]]ES:]] dest]]

cmps   source,es:dest
repne  cmpsw
repe   cmpsb
repne  cmpsd

88/86
286
386
486

22 (W88=30)
8
10
8

 

 

CMPXCHG    Compare and Exchange

80486 Only    Compares the destination operand to the accumulator (AL, AX, or EAX). If equal, the source operand is copied to the destination. Otherwise, the destination is copied to the accumulator. The instruction sets flags according to the result of the comparison.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
±                 ±   ±   ±   ±   ±

Encoding

00001111    1011000b    mod, reg, r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

CMPXCHG mem,reg

cmpxchg  warr[bx],cx
cmpxchg  string,bl

88/86
286
386
486




7–10

CMPXCHG reg,reg

cmpxchg  dl,cl
cmpxchg  bx,dx

88/86
286
386
486




6

 

 

CWD    Convert Word to Double

Converts the signed word in AX to a signed doubleword in the DX:AX register pair by extending the sign bit of AX into all bits of DX.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
±                 ±   ±   ±   ±   ±

Encoding

10011001*

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

CWD

cwd

88/86
286
386
486

5
2
2
3

 

* CWD and CDQ have the same encoding with two exceptions: in 32-bit mode, CWD is preceded by the operand-size byte (66h) but CDQ is not; in 16-bit mode, CDQ is preceded by the operand-size byte but CWD is not.

 

CWDE    Convert Word to Extended Double

80386–80486 Only    Converts a signed word in AX to a signed doubleword in EAX by extending the sign bit of AX into all bits of EAX.

Flags

 No change

Encoding

10011000*

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

CWDE

cwde

88/86
286
386
486



3
3

 

* CBW and CWDE have the same encoding with two exceptions: in 32-bit mode, CBW is preceded by the operand-size byte (66h) but CWDE is not; in 16-bit mode, CWDE is preceded by the operand-size byte but CBW is not.

 

DAA    Decimal Adjust After Addition

Adjusts the result of an addition to a packed BCD number (less than 100 decimal). The previous addition instruction should place its 8-bit binary sum in AL. DAA converts this binary sum to packed BCD format with the least significant decimal digit in the lower four bits and the most significant digit in the upper four bits. If the sum is greater than 99h after adjustment, the carry and auxiliary carry flags are set. Otherwise, the carry and auxiliary carry flags are cleared.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
?                  ±   ±   ±   ±   ±

Encoding

00100111

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

DAA

daa

88/86
286
386
486

4
3
4
2

 

 

DAS    Decimal Adjust After Subtraction

Adjusts the result of a subtraction to a packed BCD number (less than 100 decimal). The previous subtraction instruction should place its 8-bit binary result in AL. DAS converts this binary sum to packed BCD format with the least significant decimal digit in the lower four bits and the most significant digit in the upper four bits. If the sum is greater than 99h after adjustment, the carry and auxiliary carry flags are set. Otherwise, the carry and auxiliary carry flags are cleared.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
?                  ±   ±   ±   ±   ±

Encoding

00101111

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

DAS

das

88/86
286
386
486

4
3
4
2

 

 

DEC    Decrement

Subtracts 1 from the destination operand. Because the operand is treated as an unsigned integer, the DEC instruction does not affect the carry flag. To detect any effects on the carry flag, use the SUB instruction.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
±                 ±   ±   ±   ±

Encoding

1111111w    mod, 001,r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

DEC  reg8

dec  cl

88/86
286
386
486

3
2
2
1

DEC  mem

dec  counter

88/86
286
386
486

15+EA (W88=23+EA)
7
6
3

 

Encoding

01001 reg

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

DEC  reg16

dec  ax

88/86

3

DEC  reg32*

286
386
486

2
2
1

 

* 80386–80486 only.

 

DIV    Unsigned Divide

Divides an implied destination operand by a specified source operand. Both operands are treated as unsigned numbers. If the source (divisor) is 16 bits wide, the implied destination (dividend) is the DX:AX register pair. The quotient goes into AX and the remainder into DX. If the source is 8 bits wide, the implied destination operand is AX. The quotient goes into AL and the remainder into AH. On the 80386–80486, if the source is EAX, the quotient goes into EAX and the remainder into EDX.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
?                  ?   ?   ?   ?   ?

Encoding

1111011w    mod, 110,r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

DIV  reg

div  cx
div  dl

88/86
286
386
486

b=80–90,w=144–162
b=14,w=22
b=14,w=22,d=38
b=16,w=24,d=40

DIV  mem

div  [bx]
div  fsize

88/86

286
386
486

(b=86–96,w=150–168)+EA*
b=17,w=25
b=17,w=25,d=41
b=16,w=24,d=40

 

* Word memory operands on the 8088 take (158–176)+EA clocks.

 

ENTER    Make Stack Frame

80286-80486 Only    Creates a stack frame for a procedure that receives parameters passed on the stack. When immed16 is 0, ENTER is equivalent to push bp, followed by mov bp,sp. The first operand of the ENTER instruction specifies the number of bytes to reserve for local variables. The second operand specifies the nesting level for the procedure. The nesting level should be 0 for languages that do not allow access to local variables of higher-level procedures (such as C, Basic, and FORTRAN). See the complementary instruction LEAVE for a method of exiting from a procedure.

Flags

 No change

Encoding

11001000    data (2)    data (1)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

ENTER  immed16,0

enter 4,0

88/86
286
386
486


11
10
14

ENTER  immed16,1

enter 0,1

88/86
286
386
486


15
12
17

ENTER  immed16,immed8

enter 6,4

88/86
286
386
486


12+4(n – 1)
15+4(n – 1)
17+3n

 

 

HLT    Halt

Stops CPU execution until an interrupt restarts execution at the instruction following HLT. In protected mode, this instruction works only in privileged mode.

Flags

 No change

Encoding

11110100

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

HLT

hlt

88/86
286
386
486

2
2
5
4

 

IDIV    Signed Divide

Divides an implied destination operand by a specified source operand. Both operands are treated as signed numbers. If the source (divisor) is 16 bits wide, the implied destination (dividend) is the DX:AX register pair. The quotient goes into AX and the remainder into DX. If the source is 8 bits wide, the implied destination is AX. The quotient goes into AL and the remainder into AH. On the 80386–80486, if the source is EAX, the quotient goes into EAX and the remainder into EDX.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
?                  ?   ?   ?   ?   ?

Encoding

1111011w    mod, 111,r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

IDIV  reg

idiv  bx
idiv  dl

88/86

286
386
486

b=101–112,w=
165–184
b=17,w=25
b=19,w=27,d=43
b=19,w=27,d=43

IDIV  mem

idiv  itemp

88/86

286
386
486

(b=107–118,w=171–
190)+EA*
b=20,w=28
b=22,w=30,d=46
b=20,w=28,d=44

 

* Word memory operands on the 8088 take (175–194)+EA clocks.

 

IMUL    Signed Multiply

Multiplies an implied destination operand by a specified source operand. Both operands are treated as signed numbers. If a single 16-bit operand is given, the implied destination is AX and the product goes into the DX:AX register pair. If a single 8-bit operand is given, the implied destination is AL and the product goes into AX. On the 80386–80486, if the operand is EAX, the product goes into the EDX:EAX register pair. The carry and overflow flags are set if the product is sign-extended into DX for 16-bit operands, into AH for 8-bit operands, or into EDX for 32-bit operands.

 

Two additional syntaxes are available on the 80186–80486 processors. In the two-operand form, a 16-bit register gives one of the factors and serves as the destination for the result; a source constant specifies the other factor. In the three-operand form, the first operand is a 16-bit register where the result will be stored, the second is a 16-bit register or memory operand containing one of the factors, and the third is a constant representing the other factor. With both variations, the overflow and carry flags are set if the result is too large to fit into the 16-bit destination register. Since the low 16 bits of the product are the same for both signed and unsigned multiplication, these syntaxes can be used for either signed or unsigned numbers. On the 80386–80486, the operands can be either 16 or 32 bits wide.

A fourth syntax is available on the 80386–80486. Both the source and destination operands can be given specifically. The source can be any 16- or 32-bit memory operand or general-purpose register. The destination can be any general-purpose register of the same size. The overflow and carry flags are set if the product does not fit in the destination.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
±                 ?   ?   ?   ?   ±

Encoding

1111011w    mod, 101,r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

IMUL  reg

imul  dx

88/86
286
386
486

b=80–98,w=128–154
b=13,w=21
b=9–14,w=9–22,d=9–38*
b=13–18,w=13–26,d=13–42

IMUL  mem

imul  factor

88/86
286
386
486

(b=86–104,w=134–160)+EA
b=16,w=24
b=12–17,w=12–25,d=12–41*
b=13–18,w=13–26, d=13–42

 

* The 80386–80486 processors have an early-out multiplication algorithm. Therefore, multiplying an
8-bit or 16-bit value in EAX takes the same time as multiplying the value in AL or AX.

† Word memory operands on the 8088 take (138–164)+EA clocks.

 

Encoding

011010s1    mod, reg, r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)    data (1 or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

 

IMUL  reg16,immed
IMUL  reg32,immed*

imul  cx,25

88/86
286
386
486


21
b=9–14,w=9–22,d=9–38†
b=13–18,w=13–26,d=13–42

IMUL  reg16,reg16,immed
IMUL  reg32,reg32,immed*

imul dx,ax,18

88/86
286
386
486


21
b=9–14,w=9–22,d=9–38†
b=13–18,w=13–26,d=13–42

 

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

 

IMUL  reg16,mem16,immed
IMUL  reg32,mem32,immed*

imul  bx,[si],60

88/86
286
386
486


24
b=12–17,w=12–25,d=12–41†
b=13–18,w=13–26,d=13–42

 

Encoding

00001111    10101111    mod,reg,r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

 

IMUL  reg16,reg16
IMUL  reg32,reg32*

imul  cx,ax

88/86
286
386
486



w=9–22,d=9–38
b=13–18,w=13–26,d=13–42

IMUL  reg16,mem16
IMUL  reg32,mem32*

imul  dx,[si]

88/86
286
386
486



w=12–25,d=12–41
b=13–18,w=13–26,d=13–42

 

* 80386–80486 only.

† The variations depend on the source constant size; destination size is not a factor.

 

IN    Input from Port

Transfers a byte or word (or doubleword on the 80386–80486) from a port to the accumulator register. The port address is specified by the source operand, which can be DX or an 8-bit constant. Constants can be used only for port numbers less than 255; use DX for higher port numbers. In protected mode, a general-protection fault occurs if IN is used when the current privilege level is greater than the value of the IOPL flag.

Flags

 No change

Encoding

1110010w    data (1)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

IN  accum,immed

in  ax,60h

88/86
286
386
486

10 (W88=14)
5
12,pm=6,26*
14,pm=9,29*†

 

Encoding

1110110w

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

IN  accum,DX

in  ax,dx
in  al,dx

88/86
286
386
486

8 (W88=12)
5
13,pm=7,27*
14,pm=8,28*†

 

* First protected-mode timing: CPL IOPL. Second timing: CPL > IOPL.

† Takes 27 clocks in virtual 8086 mode.

 

INC    Increment

Adds 1 to the destination operand. Because the operand is treated as an unsigned integer, the INC instruction does not affect the carry flag. If a signed carry requires detection, use the ADD instruction.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
±                 ±   ±   ±   ±  

Encoding

1111111w    mod,000,r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

INC  reg8

inc  cl

88/86
286
386
486

3
2
2
1

INC  mem

inc  vpage

88/86
286
386
486

15+EA (W88=23+EA)
7
6
3

 

Encoding

01000 reg

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

INC  reg16
INC  reg32*

inc  bx

88/86
286
386
486

3
2
2
1

 

* 80386–80486 only.

 

INS/INSB/INSW/INSD    Input from Port to String

80286-80486 Only    Receives a string from a port. The string is considered the destination and must be pointed to by ES:DI (even if an operand is given). The input port is specified in DX. For each element received, DI is adjusted according to the size of the operand and the status of the direction flag. DI is increased if the direction flag has been cleared with CLD or decreased if the direction flag has been set with STD.

If the INS form of the instruction is used, a destination operand must be provided to indicate the size of the data elements to be processed, and DX must be specified as the source operand containing the port number. A segment override is not allowed. If INSB (bytes), INSW (words), or INSD (doublewords on the 80386–80486 only) is used, the instruction determines the size of the data elements to be received.

INS and its variations are normally used with the REP prefix. Before the repeated instruction is executed, CX should contain the number of elements to be received. In protected mode, a general-protection fault occurs if INS is used when the current privilege level is greater than the value of the IOPL flag.

Flags

No change

Encoding

0110110w

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

INS [[ES:]] dest, DX

ins  es:instr,dx

88/86

INSB [[[[ES:]] dest, DX]]

rep  insb

286

5

INSW [[[[ES:]] dest, DX]]

rep  insw

386

15,pm=9,29*

INSD [[[[ES:]] dest, DX]]

rep  insd

486

17,pm=10,32*

 

* First protected-mode timing: CPL IOPL. Second timing: CPL > IOPL.

 

INT    Interrupt

Generates a software interrupt. An 8-bit constant operand (0 to 255) specifies the interrupt procedure to be called. The call is made by indexing the interrupt number into the Interrupt Vector Table (IVT) starting at segment 0, offset 0. In real mode, the IVT contains 4-byte pointers to interrupt procedures. In privileged mode, the IVT contains 8-byte pointers.

When an interrupt is called in real mode, the flags, CS, and IP are pushed onto the stack (in that order), and the trap and interrupt flags are cleared. STI can be used to restore interrupts. See Intel documentation and the documentation for your operating system for details on using and defining interrupts in privileged mode. To return from an interrupt, use the IRET instruction.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
          0   0                     

Encoding

11001101    data (1)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

INT  immed8

int  25h

88/86
286
386
486

51 (88=71)
23+m,pm=(40,78)+m*
37,pm=59,99*
30,pm=44,71*

 

Encoding

11001100

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

INT  3

int  3

88/86
286
386
486

52 (88=72)
23+m,pm=(40,78)+m*
33,pm=59,99*
26,pm=44,71*

 

* The first protected-mode timing is for interrupts to the same privilege level. The second is for interrupts to a higher privilege level. Timings for interrupts through task gates are not shown.

 

INTO    Interrupt on Overflow

Generates Interrupt 4 if the overflow flag is set. The default MS-DOS behavior for Interrupt 4 is to return without taking any action. For INTO to have any effect, you must define an interrupt procedure for Interrupt 4.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
          ±   ±                     

Encoding

11001110

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

INTO

into

88/86
286

386
486

53 (88=73),noj=4
24+m,noj=3,pm=(40,
78)+m*
35,noj=3,pm=59,99*
28,noj=3,pm=46,73*

 

* The first protected-mode timing is for interrupts to the same privilege level. The second is for interrupts to a higher privilege level. Timings for interrupts through task gates are not shown.

 

INVD    Invalidate Data Cache

80486 Only    Empties contents of the current data cache without writing changes to memory. Proper use of this instruction requires knowledge of how contents are placed in the cache. INVD is intended primarily for system programming. See Intel documentation for details.

Flags

 No change

Encoding

00001111    00001000

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

INVD

invd

88/86
286
386
486




4

 

 

INVLPG    Invalidate TLB Entry

80486 Only    Invalidates an entry in the Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB), used by the demand-paging mechanism in virtual-memory operating systems. The instruction takes a single memory operand and calculates the effective address of the operand, including the segment address. If the resulting address is mapped by any entry in the TLB, this entry is removed. Proper use of INVLPG requires understanding the hardware-supported demand-paging mechanism. INVLPG is intended primarily for system programming. See Intel documentation for details.

Flags

 No change

Encoding

00001111    00000001    mod, reg, r/m    disp (2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

INVLPG

invlpg  pointer[bx]
invlpg  es:entry

88/86
286
386
486




12*

 

* 11 clocks if address is not mapped by any TLB entry.

 

IRET/IRETD    Interrupt Return

Returns control from an interrupt procedure to the interrupted code. In real mode, the IRET instruction pops IP, CS, and the flags (in that order) and resumes execution. See Intel documentation for details on IRET operation in privileged mode. On the 80386–80486, the IRETD instruction should be used to pop a 32-bit instruction pointer when returning from an interrupt called from a 32-bit segment. The F suffix prevents epilogue code from being generated when ending a PROC block. Use it to terminate interrupt service procedures.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
±   ±   ±   ±   ±   ±   ±   ±   ±

Encoding

11001111

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

IRET

iret

88/86

32 (88=44)

IRETD*

286

17+m,pm=(31,55)+m

IRETF

386

22,pm=38,82†

IRETDF*

486

15,pm=20,36

 

* 80386–80486 only.

† The first protected-mode timing is for interrupts to the same privilege level within a task. The second is for interrupts to a higher privilege level within a task. Timings for interrupts through task gates are not shown.

 

Jcondition    Jump Conditionally

Transfers execution to the specified label if the flags condition is true. The condition is tested by checking the flags shown in the table on the following page. If condition is false, no jump is taken and program execution continues at the next instruction. On the 8086–80286 processors, the label given as the operand must be short (between –128 and +127 bytes from the instruction following the jump).* The 80386–80486 processors allow near jumps (–32,768 to +32,767 bytes). On the 80386–80486, the assembler generates the shortest jump possible, unless the jump size is explicitly specified.

When the 80386–80486 processors are in FLAT memory model, short jumps range from –128 to +127 bytes and near jumps range from –2 to +2 gigabytes. There are no far jumps.

Flags

 No change

Encoding

0111cond    disp (1)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

Jcondition  label

jg   bigger
jo   SHORT too_big
jpe  p_even

88/86
286
386
486

16,noj=4
7+m,noj=3
7+m,noj=3
3,noj=1

 

Encoding

00001111    1000cond    disp (2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

Jcondition  label

je   next
jnae lesser
js   negative

88/86
286
386
486



7+m,noj=3
3,noj=1

 

* If a source file for an 8086–80286 program contains a conditional jump outside the range of –128 to +127 bytes, the assembler emits a level 3 warning and generates two instructions (including an unconditional jump) that are the equivalent of the desired instruction. This behavior can be enabled and disabled with the OPTION LJMP and OPTION NOLJMP directives.

† Near labels are only available on the 80386–80486. They are the default.

 

Jump Conditions

Opcode*

Mnemonic

Flags Checked

Description

size 0010

JB/JNAE

CF=1

Jump if below/not above or equal (unsigned comparisons)

size 0011

JAE/JNB

CF=0

Jump if above or equal/not below (unsigned comparisons)

size 0110

JBE/JNA

CF=1 or ZF=1

Jump if below or equal/not above (unsigned comparisons)

size 0111

JA/JNBE

CF=0 and ZF=0

Jump if above/not below or equal (unsigned comparisons)

size 0100

JE/JZ

ZF=1

Jump if equal (zero)

size 0101

JNE/JNZ

ZF=0

Jump if not equal (not zero)

size 1100

JL/JNGE

SF_OF

Jump if less/not greater or equal (signed comparisons)

size 1101

JGE/JNL

SF=OF

Jump if greater or equal/not less (signed comparisons)

size 1110

JLE/JNG

ZF=1 or SF_OF

Jump if less or equal/not greater (signed comparisons)

size 1111

JG/JNLE

ZF=0 and SF=OF

Jump if greater/not less or equal (signed comparisons)

size 1000

JS

SF=1

Jump if sign

size 1001

JNS

SF=0

Jump if not sign

Opcode*

Mnemonic

Flags Checked

Description

size 0010

JC

CF=1

Jump if carry

size 0011

JNC

CF=0

Jump if not carry

size 0000

JO

OF=1

Jump if overflow

size 0001

JNO

OF=0

Jump if not overflow

size 1010

JP/JPE

PF=1

Jump if parity/parity even

size 1011

JNP/JPO

PF=0

Jump if no parity/parity odd

 

* The size bits are 0111 for short jumps or 1000 for 80386–80486 near jumps.

 

JCXZ/JECXZ    Jump if CX is Zero

Transfers program execution to the specified label if CX is 0. On the 80386–80486, JECXZ can be used to jump if ECX is 0. If the count register is not 0, execution continues at the next instruction. The label given as the operand must be short (between –128 and +127 bytes from the instruction following the jump).

Flags

 No change

Encoding

11100011    disp (1)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

JCXZ  label
JECXZ  label*

jcxz  not found

88/86
286
386
486

18,noj=6
8+m,noj=4
9+m,noj=5
8,noj=5

 

* 80386–80486 only.

 

JMP    Jump Unconditionally

Transfers program execution to the address specified by the destination operand. Jumps are near (between –32,768 and +32,767 bytes from the instruction following the jump), or short (between –128 and +127 bytes), or far (in a different code segment). Unless a distance is explicitly specified, the assembler selects the shortest possible jump. With near and short jumps, the operand specifies a new IP address. With far jumps, the operand specifies new IP and CS addresses.

 

When the 80386–80486 processors are in FLAT memory model, short jumps range from –128 to +127 bytes and near jumps range from –2 to +2 gigabytes.

Flags

 No change

Encoding

11101011    disp (1)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

JMP  label

jmp  SHORT exit

88/86
286
386
486

15
7+m
7+m
3

 

Encoding

11101001    disp (2*)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

JMP  label

jmp  close
jmp  NEAR PTR distant

88/86
286
386
486

15
7+m
7+m
3

 

Encoding

11101010    disp (4*)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

JMP  label

jmp   FAR PTR close
jmp   distant

88/86
286
386
486

15
11+m,pm=23+m
12+m,pm=27+m
17,pm=19†

 

Encoding

11111111    mod,100,r/m    disp (0 or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

JMP  reg16
JMP  mem32§

jmp   ax

88/86
286
386
486

11
7+m
7+m
5

JMP  mem16
JMP  mem32§

jmp   WORD PTR [bx]
jmp   table[di]
jmp   DWORD PTR [si]

88/86
286
386
486

18+EA
11+m
10+m
5

 

 

Encoding

11111111    mod,101,r/m    disp (4*)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

JMP  mem32
JMP  mem48§

jmp   fpointer[si]
jmp   DWORD PTR [bx]
jmp   FWORD PTR [di]

88/86
286
386
486

24+EA


15+m,pm=26+m
12+m,pm=27+m
13,pm=18

 

* On the 80386–80486, the displacement can be 4 bytes for near jumps or 6 bytes for far jumps.

† Timings for jumps through call or task gates are not shown, since they are normally used only in operating systems.

§ 80386–80486 only. You can use DWORD PTR to specify near register-indirect jumps or FWORD PTR to specify far register-indirect jumps.

 

LAHF    Load Flags into AH Register

Transfers bits 0 to 7 of the flags register to AH. This includes the carry, parity, auxiliary carry, zero, and sign flags, but not the trap, interrupt, direction, or overflow flags.

Flags

 No change

Encoding

10011111

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

LAHF

lahf

88/86
286
386
486

4
2
2
3

 

 

LAR    Load Access Rights

80286-80486 Protected Only    Loads the access rights of a selector into a specified register. The source operand must be a register or memory operand containing a selector. The destination operand must be a register that will receive the access rights if the selector is valid and visible at the current privilege level. The zero flag is set if the access rights are transferred, or cleared if they are not. See Intel documentation for details on selectors, access rights, and other privileged-mode concepts.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
                        ±           

Encoding

00001111    00000010    mod, reg, r/m    disp (0, 1, 2, or 4)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

LAR  reg16,reg16
LAR  reg32,reg32*

lar  ax,bx

88/86
286
386
486


14
15
11

LAR  reg16,mem16
LAR  reg32,mem32*

lar  cx,selector

88/86
286
386
486


16
16
11

 

* 80386–80486 only.

 

LDS/LES/LFS/LGS/LSS    Load Far Pointer

Reads and stores the far pointer specified by the source memory operand. The instruction moves the pointer’s segment value into DS, ES, FS, GS, or SS (depending on the instruction). Then it moves the pointer’s offset value into the destination operand. The LDS and LES instructions are available on all processors. The LFS, LGS, and LSS instructions are available only on the 80386–80486.

Flags

 No change

Encoding

11000101    mod, reg, r/m    disp (2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

LDS  reg,mem

lds  si,fpointer

88/86
286
386
486

16+EA (88=24+EA)
7,pm=21
7,pm=22
6,pm=12

 

Encoding

11000100    mod, reg, r/m    disp (2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

LES  reg,mem

les  di,fpointer

88/86
286
386
486

16+EA (88=24+EA)
7,pm=21
7,pm=22
6,pm=12

 

Encoding

00001111    10110100    mod, reg, r/m    disp (2 or 4)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

LFS  reg,mem

lfs  edi,fpointer

88/86
286
386
486



7,pm=25
6,pm=12

 

Encoding

00001111    10110101    mod, reg, r/m    disp (2 or 4)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

LGS  reg,mem

lgs  bx,fpointer

88/86
286
386
486



7,pm=25
6,pm=12

 

Encoding

00001111    10110010    mod, reg, r/m    disp (2 or 4)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

LSS  reg,mem

lss  bp,fpointer

88/86
286
386
486



7,pm=22
6,pm=12

 

 

LEA    Load Effective Address

Calculates the effective address (offset) of the source memory operand and stores the result in the destination register. If the source operand is a direct memory address, the assembler encodes the instruction in the more efficient MOV reg,immediate form (equivalent to MOV reg, OFFSET mem).

Flags

 No change

Encoding

10001101    mod, reg, r/m    disp (2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

LEA  reg16,mem
LEA  reg32,mem*

lea  bx,npointer

88/86
286
386
486

2+EA
3
2
1†

 

* 80386–80486 only.

† 2 if index register used.

 

LEAVE    High Level Procedure Exit

Terminates the stack frame of a procedure. LEAVE reverses the action of a previous ENTER instruction by restoring SP and BP to the values they had before the procedure stack frame was initialized. LEAVE is equivalent to mov sp,bp, followed by pop bp.

Flags

 No change

Encoding

11001001

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

LEAVE

leave

88/86
286
386
486


5
4
5

 

 

LES/LFS/LGS    Load Far Pointer to Extra Segment

See LDS.

 

LGDT/LIDT/LLDT    Load Descriptor Table

Loads a value from an operand into a descriptor table register. LGDT loads into the Global Descriptor Table, LIDT into the Interrupt Vector Table, and LLDT into the Local Descriptor Table. These instructions are available only in privileged mode. See Intel documentation for details on descriptor tables and other protected-mode concepts.

Flags

 No change

Encoding

00001111    00000001    mod, 010,r/m    disp (2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

LGDT  mem48

lgdt  descriptor

88/86
286
386
486


11
11
11

 

Encoding

00001111    00000001    mod, 011,r/m    disp (2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

LIDT  mem48

lidt  descriptor

88/86
286
386
486


12
11
11

 

Encoding

00001111    00000000    mod, 010,r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

LLDT  reg16

lldt  ax

88/86
286
386
486


17
20
11

LLDT  mem16

lldt  selector

88/86
286
386
486


19
24
11

 

 

LMSW    Load Machine Status Word

80286-80486 Privileged Only    Loads a value from a memory operand into the Machine Status Word (MSW). This instruction is available only in privileged mode. See Intel documentation for details on the MSW and other protected-mode concepts.

Flags

 No change

Encoding

00001111    00000001    mod, 110,r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

LMSW  reg16

lmsw  ax

88/86
286
386
486


3
10
13

LMSW  mem16

lmsw  machine

88/86
286
386
486


6
13
13

 

 

LOCK    Lock the Bus

Locks out other processors during execution of the next instruction. This instruction is a prefix. It must precede an instruction that accesses a memory location that another processor might attempt to access at the same time. See Intel documentation for details on multiprocessor environments.

Flags

 No change

Encoding

11110000

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

LOCK  instruction

lock  xchg ax,sem

88/86
286
386
486

2
0
0
1

 

 

LODS/LODSB/LODSW/LODSD    Load Accumulator
from String

LODS/LODSB/LODSW/LODSD    Load Accumulator from String

Loads the accumulator register with an element from a string in memory. DS:SI must point to the source element, even if an operand is given. For each source element loaded, SI is adjusted according to the size of the operand and the status of the direction flag. SI is incremented if the direction flag has been cleared with CLD or decremented if the direction flag has been set with STD.

If the LODS form of the instruction is used, an operand must be provided to indicate the size of the data elements to be processed. A segment override can be given. If LODSB (bytes), LODSW (words), or LODSD (doublewords on the 80386–80486 only) is used, the instruction determines the size of the data elements to be processed and whether the element will be loaded to AL, AX, or EAX.

LODS and its variations are not used with repeat prefixes, since there is no reason to repeatedly load memory values to a register.

Flags

 No change

Encoding

1010110w

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

LODS [[segreg:]]src
LODSB [[[[segreg:]]src]]
LODSW[[[[segreg:]]src]]
LODSD [[[[segreg:]]src]]

lods  es:source
lodsw


88/86
286
386
486

12 (W88=16)
5
5
5

 

 

LOOP/LOOPW/LOOPD    Loop

Loops repeatedly to a specified label. LOOP decrements CX (without changing any flags) and, if the result is not 0, transfers execution to the address specified by the operand. On the 80386–80486, LOOP uses the 16-bit CX in 16-bit mode and the 32-bit ECX in 32-bit mode. The default can be overridden with LOOPW (CX) or LOOPD (ECX). If CX is 0 after being decremented, execution continues at the next instruction. The operand must specify a short label (between –128 and +127 bytes from the instruction following the LOOP instruction).

Flags

 No change

Encoding

11100010    disp (1)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

LOOP  label
LOOPW label*
LOOPD label*

loop  wend

88/86
286
386
486

17,noj=5
8+m,noj=4
11+m
7,noj=6

 

* 80386–80486 only.

 

LOOPcondition/LOOPconditionW/LOOPconditionD    Loop Conditionally

Loops repeatedly to a specified label if condition is met and if CX is not 0. On the 80386–80486, these instructions use the 16-bit CX in 16-bit mode and the 32-bit ECX in 32-bit mode. This default can be overridden with the W (CX) or D (ECX) forms of the instruction. The instruction decrements CX (without changing any flags) and tests whether the zero flag was set by a previous instruction (such as CMP). With LOOPE and LOOPZ (they are synonyms), execution is transferred to the label if the zero flag is set and CX is not 0. With LOOPNE and LOOPNZ (they are synonyms), execution is transferred to the label if the zero flag is cleared and CX is not 0. Execution continues at the next instruction if the condition is not met. Before entering the loop, CX should be set to the maximum number of repetitions desired.

Flags

 No change

Encoding

11100001    disp (1)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

LOOPE  label
LOOPEW label*
LOOPED label*
LOOPZ  label
LOOPZW label*
LOOPZD label*

loopz  again

88/86
286
386
486

18,noj=6
8+m,noj=4
11+m
9,noj=6

 

Encoding

11100000    disp (1)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

LOOPNE  label
LOOPNEW label*
LOOPNED label*
LOOPNZ  label
LOOPNZW label*
LOOPNZD label*

loopnz  for_next

88/86
286
386
486

19,noj=5
8,noj=4
11+m
9,noj=6

 

* 80386–80486 only.

 

LSL    Load Segment Limit

80286-80486 Protected Only    Loads the segment limit of a selector into a specified register. The source operand must be a register or memory operand containing a selector. The destination operand must be a register that will receive the segment limit if the selector is valid and visible at the current privilege level. The zero flag is set if the segment limit is transferred, or cleared if it is not. See Intel documentation for details on selectors, segment limits, and other protected-mode concepts.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
                        ±           

Encoding

00001111    00000011    mod, reg, r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

LSL  reg16,reg16
LSL  reg32,reg32*

lsl  ax,bx

88/86
286
386
486


14
20,25†
10

LSL  reg16,mem16
LSL  reg32,mem32*

lsl  cx,seg_lim

88/86
286
386
486


16
21,26†
10

 

* 80386–80486 only.

† The first value is for byte granular; the second is for page granular.

 

LSS    Load Far Pointer to Stack Segment

See LDS.

 

LTR    Load Task Register

80286-80486 Protected Only    Loads a value from the specified operand to the current task register. LTR is available only in privileged mode. See Intel documentation for details on task registers and other protected-mode concepts.

Flags

No change

Encoding

00001111    00000000    mod, 011,r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

LTR  reg16

ltr  ax

88/86
286
386
486


17
23
20

LTR  mem16

ltr  task

88/86
286
386
486


19
27
20

 

 

MOV    Move Data

Moves the value in the source operand to the destination operand. If the destination operand is SS, interrupts are disabled until the next instruction is executed (except on early versions of the 8088 and 8086).

Flags

No change

Encoding

100010dw    mod, reg, r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

MOV  reg,reg

mov  dh,bh
mov  dx,cx
mov  bp,sp

88/86
286
386
486

2
2
2
1

MOV  mem,reg

mov  array[di],bx
mov  count,cx

88/86
286
386
486

9+EA (W88=13+EA)
3
2
1

MOV  reg,mem

mov  bx,pointer
mov  dx,matrix[bx+di]

88/86
286
386
486

8+EA (W88=12+EA)
5
4
1

 

Encoding

1100011w    mod, 000,r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)    data (1 or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

MOV  mem,immed

mov  [bx],15
mov  color,7

88/86
286
386
486

10+EA (W88=14+EA)
3
2
1

 

Encoding

1011w reg    data (1 or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

MOV  reg,immed

mov  cx,256
mov  dx,OFFSET string

88/86
286
386
486

4
2
2
1

 

Encoding

101000aw    disp (2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

MOV  mem,accum

mov  total,ax

88/86
286
386
486

10 (W88=14)
3
2
1

MOV  accum,mem

mov  al,string

88/86
286
386
486

10 (W88=14)
5
4
1

 

Encoding

100011d0    mod,sreg, r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

MOV  segreg,reg16

mov  ds,ax

88/86
286
386
486

2
2,pm=17
2,pm=18
3,pm=9

MOV  segreg,mem16

mov  es,psp

88/86
286
386
486

8+EA (88=12+EA)
5,pm=19
5,pm=19
3,pm=9

MOV  reg16,segreg

mov  ax,ds

88/86
286
386
486

2
2
2
3

MOV  mem16,segreg

mov  stack_save,ss

88/86
286
386
486

9+EA (88=13+EA)
3
2
3

 

 

MOV    Move to/from Special Registers

80386–80486 Only    Moves a value from a special register to or from a 32-bit general-purpose register. The special registers include the control registers CR0, CR2, and CR3; the debug registers DR0, DR1, DR2, DR3, DR6, and DR7; and the test registers TR6 and TR7. On the 80486, the test registers TR3, TR4, and TR5 are also available. See Intel documentation for details on special registers.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
?                  ?   ?   ?   ?   ?

Encoding

00001111    001000d0    11, reg*, r/m

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

MOV  reg32, controlreg

mov  eax,cr2

88/86
286
386
486



6
4

MOV  controlreg,reg32

mov  cr0,ebx

88/86
286
386

486



CR0=10,CR2=4,CR3=5
4,CR0=16

 

Encoding

00001111    001000d1    11, reg*, r/m

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

MOV  reg32,debugreg

mov  edx,dr3

88/86
286
386
486



DR0–3=22,DR6–7=14
10

MOV  debugreg,reg32

mov  dr0,ecx

88/86
286
386
486



DR0–3=22,DR6–7=16
11

 

Encoding

00001111    001001d0    11,reg*, r/m

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

MOV  reg32,testreg

mov  edx,tr6

88/86
286
386
486



12
4,TR3=3

MOV  testreg, reg32

mov  tr7,eax

88/86
286
386
486



12
4,TR3=6

 

* The reg field contains the register number of the special register (for example, 000 for CR0, 011 for DR7, or 111 for TR7).

 

MOVS/MOVSB/MOVSW/MOVSD    Move String Data

Moves a string from one area of memory to another. DS:SI must point to the source string and ES:DI to the destination address, even if operands are given. For each element moved, DI and SI are adjusted according to the size of the operands and the status of the direction flag. They are increased if the direction flag has been cleared with CLD, or decreased if the direction flag has been set with STD.

If the MOVS form of the instruction is used, operands must be provided to indicate the size of the data elements to be processed. A segment override can be given for the source operand (but not for the destination). If MOVSB (bytes), MOVSW (words), or MOVSD (doublewords on the 80386–80486 only) is used, the instruction determines the size of the data elements to be processed.

MOVS and its variations are normally used with the REP prefix.

Flags

No change

Encoding

1010010w

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

MOVS [[ES:]]dest,[[segreg:]]src
MOVSB [[[[ES:]]dest,[[segreg:]]src]]
MOVSW [[[[ES:]]dest,[[segreg:]]src]]
MOVSD [[[[ES:]]dest,[[segreg:]]src]]

rep   movsb
movs  dest,es:source

88/86
286
386
486

18 (W88=26)
5
7
7

 

 

MOVSX    Move with Sign-Extend

80386–80486 Only    Moves and sign-extends the value of the source operand to the destination register. MOVSX is used to copy a signed 8-bit or 16-bit source operand to a larger 16-bit or 32-bit destination register.

Flags

No change

Encoding

00001111    1011111w    mod, reg, r/m    disp (0, 1, 2, or 4)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

MOVSX  reg,reg

movsx   eax,bx
movsx   ecx,bl
movsx   bx,al

88/86
286
386
486



3
3

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

MOVSX  reg,mem

movsx   cx,bsign
movsx   edx,wsign
movsx   eax,bsign

88/86
286
386
486



6
3

 

 

MOVZX    Move with Zero-Extend

80386–80486 Only    Moves and zero-extends the value of the source operand to the destination register. MOVZX is used to copy an unsigned 8-bit or 16-bit source operand to a larger 16-bit or 32-bit destination register.

Flags

No change

Encoding

00001111    1011011w    mod, reg, r/m    disp (0, 1, 2, or 4)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

MOVZX  reg,reg

movzx   eax,bx
movzx   ecx,bl
movzx   bx,al

88/86
286
386
486



3
3

MOVZX  reg,mem

movzx   cx,bunsign
movzx   edx,wunsign
movzx   eax,bunsign

88/86
286
386
486



6
3

 

 

MUL    Unsigned Multiply

Multiplies an implied destination operand by a specified source operand. Both operands are treated as unsigned numbers. If a single 16-bit operand is given, the implied destination is AX and the product goes into the DX:AX register pair. If a single 8-bit operand is given, the implied destination is AL and the product goes into AX. On the 80386–80486, if the operand is EAX, the product goes into the EDX:EAX register pair. The carry and overflow flags are set if DX is not 0 for 16-bit operands or if AH is not 0 for 8-bit operands.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
±                 ?   ?   ?   ?   ±

Encoding

1111011w    mod, 100, r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

MUL  reg

mul  bx
mul  dl

88/86
286
386
486

b=70–77,w=118–133
b=13,w=21
b=9–14,w=9–22,d=9–38*
b=13–18,w=13–26,d=13–42

MUL  mem

mul  factor
mul  WORD PTR [bx]

88/86
286
386
486

(b=76–83,w=124–139)+EA
b=16,w=24
b=12–17,w=12–25,d=12–41*
b=13–18,w=13–26,d=13–42

 

* The 80386–80486 processors have an early-out multiplication algorithm. Therefore, multiplying an
8-bit or 16-bit value in EAX takes the same time as multiplying the value in AL or AX.

† Word memory operands on the 8088 take (128–143)+EA clocks.

 

NEG    Two’s Complement Negation

Replaces the operand with its two’s complement. NEG does this by subtracting the operand from 0. If the operand is 0, the carry flag is cleared. Otherwise, the carry flag is set. If the operand contains the maximum possible negative value (–128 for 8-bit operands or –32,768 for 16-bit operands), the value does not change, but the overflow and carry flags are set.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
±                 ±   ±   ±   ±   ±

Encoding

1111011w    mod, 011, r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

NEG  reg

neg  ax

88/86
286
386
486

3
2
2
1

NEG  mem

neg  balance

88/86
286
386
486

16+EA (W88=24+EA)
7
6
3

 

 

NOP    No Operation

Performs no operation. NOP can be used for timing delays or alignment.

Flags

No change

Encoding

10010000*

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

NOP

nop

88/86
286
386
486

3
3
3
3

 

* The encoding is the same as XCHG AX,AX.

 

NOT    One’s Complement Negation

Toggles each bit of the operand by clearing set bits and setting cleared bits.

Flags

No change

Encoding

1111011w    mod, 010, r/m    disp (0,1,or2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

NOT  reg

not  ax

88/86
286
386
486

3
2
2
1

NOT  mem

not  masker

88/86
286
386
486

16+EA (W88=24+EA)
7
6
3

 

 

OR    Inclusive OR

Performs a bitwise OR operation on the source and destination operands and stores the result to the destination operand. For each bit position in the operands, if either or both bits are set, the corresponding bit of the result is set. Otherwise, the corresponding bit of the result is cleared.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
0                 ±   ±   ?   ±   0

Encoding

000010dw    mod, reg, r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

OR  reg,reg

or  ax,dx

88/86
286
386
486

3
2
2
1

OR  mem,reg

or  bits,dx
or  [bp+6],cx

88/86
286
386
486

16+EA (W88=24+EA)
7
7
3

OR  reg,mem

or  bx,masker
or  dx,color[di]

88/86
286
386
486

9+EA (W88=13+EA)
7
6
2

 

Encoding

100000sw    mod,001, r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)    data (1 or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

OR  reg,immed

or  dx,110110b

88/86
286
386
486

4
3
2
1

OR  mem,immed

or  flag_rec,8

88/86
286
386
486

(b=17,w=25)+EA
7
7
3

 

Encoding

0000110w    data (1 or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

OR  accum,immed

or  ax,40h

88/86
286
386
486

4
3
2
1

 

 

OUT    Output to Port

Transfers a byte or word (or a doubleword on the 80386–80486) to a port from the accumulator register. The port address is specified by the destination operand, which can be DX or an 8-bit constant. In protected mode, a general-protection fault occurs if OUT is used when the current privilege level is greater than the value of the IOPL flag.

Flags

No change

Encoding

1110011w    data (1)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

OUT  immed8,accum

out  60h,al

88/86
286
386
486

10 (88=14)
3
10,pm=4,24*
16,pm=11,31*

 

Encoding

1110111w

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

OUT  DX,accum

out  dx,ax
out  dx,al

88/86
286
386
486

8 (88=12)
3
11,pm=5,25*
16,pm=10,30*

 

* First protected-mode timing: CPL < IOPL. Second timing: CPL > IOPL.

 

OUTS/OUTSB/OUTSW/OUTSD    Output String to Port

80186–80486 Only    Sends a string to a port. The string is considered the source and must be pointed to by DS:SI (even if an operand is given). The output port is specified in DX. For each element sent, SI is adjusted according to the size of the operand and the status of the direction flag. SI is increased if the direction flag has been cleared with CLD, or decreased if the direction flag has been set with STD.

If the OUTS form of the instruction is used, an operand must be provided to indicate the size of data elements to be sent. A segment override can be given. If OUTSB (bytes), OUTSW (words), or OUTSD (doublewords on the 80386–80486 only) is used, the instruction determines the size of the data elements to be sent.

OUTS and its variations are normally used with the REP prefix. Before the instruction is executed, CX should contain the number of elements to send. In protected mode, a general-protection fault occurs if OUTS is used when the current privilege level is greater than the value of the IOPL flag.

Flags

No change

Encoding

0110111w

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

OUTS DX, [[segreg:]] src
OUTSB [[DX, [[segreg:]] src]]
OUTSW [[DX, [[segreg:]] src]]
OUTSD [[DX, [[segreg:]] src]]

rep   outs dx,buffer
outsb
rep   outsw

88/86
286
386
486


5
14,pm=8,28*
17,pm=10,32*

 

* First protected-mode timing: CPL < IOPL. Second timing: CPL > IOPL.

 

POP    Pop

Pops the top of the stack into the destination operand. The value at SS:SP is copied to the destination operand and SP is increased by 2. The destination operand can be a memory location, a general-purpose 16-bit register, or any segment register except CS. Use RET to pop CS. On the 80386–80486, 32-bit values can be popped by giving a 32-bit operand. ESP is increased by 4 for 32-bit pops.

Flags

No change

Encoding

01011 reg

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

POP  reg16
POP
  reg32*

pop  cx

88/86
286
386
486

8 (88=12)
5
4
1

 

Encoding

10001111    mod,000,r/m    disp (2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

POP  mem16
POP  mem32*

pop  param

88/86
286
386
486

17+EA (88=25+EA)
5
5
6

 

Encoding

000,sreg,111

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

POP  segreg

pop  es
pop  ds
pop  ss

88/86
286
386
486

8 (88=12)
5,pm=20
7,pm=21
3,pm=9

 

Encoding

00001111    10,sreg,001

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

POP  segreg*

pop  fs
pop  gs

88/86
286
386
486



7,pm=21
3,pm=9

 

* 80386–80486 only.

 

POPA/POPAD    Pop All

80186-80486 Only    Pops the top 16 bytes on the stack into the eight general-purpose registers. The registers are popped in the following order: DI, SI, BP, SP, BX, DX, CX, AX. The value for the SP register is actually discarded rather than copied to SP. POPA always pops into 16-bit registers. On the 80386–80486, use POPAD to pop into 32-bit registers.

Flags

No change

Encoding

01100001

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

POPA
POPAD*

popa

88/86
286
386
486


19
24
9

 

* 80386–80486 only.

 

POPF/POPFD    Pop Flags

Pops the value on the top of the stack into the flags register. POPF always pops into the 16-bit flags register. On the 80386–80486, use POPFD to pop into the 32-bit flags register.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
±   ±   ±   ±   ±   ±   ±   ±   ±

Encoding

10011101

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

POPF
POPFD*

popf

88/86
286
386
486

8 (88=12)
5
5
9,pm=6

 

* 80386–80486 only.

 

PUSH/PUSHW/PUSHD    Push

Pushes the source operand onto the stack. SP is decreased by 2 and the source value is copied to SS:SP. The operand can be a memory location, a general-purpose 16-bit register, or a segment register. On the 80186–80486 processors, the operand can also be a constant. On the 80386–80486, 32-bit values can be pushed by specifying a 32-bit operand. ESP is decreased by 4 for 32-bit pushes. On the 8088 and 8086, PUSH SP saves the value of SP after the push. On the 80186–80486 processors, PUSH SP saves the value of SP before the push. The PUSHW and PUSHD instructions push a word (2 bytes) and a doubleword (4 bytes), respectively.

Flags

No change

Encoding

01010 reg

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

PUSH  reg16
PUSH  reg32*
PUSHW  reg16
PUSHD  reg32*

push   dx

88/86
286
386
486

11 (88=15)
3
2
1

 

Encoding

11111111    mod, 110,r/m    disp (2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

PUSH  mem16
PUSH
  mem32*

push  [di]
push  fcount

88/86
286
386
486

16+EA (88=24+EA)
5
5
4

 

Encoding

00,sreg,110

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

PUSH  segreg
PUSHW  segreg
PUSHD  segreg*

push  es
push  ss
push  cs

88/86
286
386
486

10 (88=14)
3
2
3

 

Encoding

00001111    10,sreg,000

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

PUSH  segreg
PUSHW  segreg
PUSHD  segreg*

push  fs
push  gs

88/86
286
386
486



2
3

 

Encoding

011010s0    data (1 or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

PUSH  immed
PUSHW  immed
PUSHD  immed*

push  'a'
push  15000

88/86
286
386
486


3
2
1

 

* 80386–80486 only.

 

PUSHA/PUSHAD    Push All

80186–80486 Only    Pushes the eight general-purpose registers onto the stack. The registers are pushed in the following order: AX, CX, DX, BX, SP, BP, SI, DI. The value pushed for SP is the value before the instruction. PUSHA always pushes 16-bit registers. On the 80386–80486, use PUSHAD to push 32-bit registers.

Flags

No change

Encoding

01100000

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

PUSHA
PUSHAD*

pusha

88/86
286
386
486


17
18
11

 

* 80386–80486 only.

 

PUSHF/PUSHFD    Push Flags

Pushes the flags register onto the stack. PUSHF always pushes the 16-bit flags register. On the 80386–80486, use PUSHFD to push the 32-bit flags register.

Flags

No change

Encoding

10011100

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

PUSHF
PUSHFD*

pushf

88/86
286
386
486

10(88=14)
3
4
4,pm=3

 

* 80386–80486 only.

 

RCL/RCR/ROL/ROR    Rotate

Rotates the bits in the destination operand the number of times specified in the source operand. RCL and ROL rotate the bits left; RCR and ROR rotate right.

ROL and ROR rotate the number of bits in the operand. For each rotation, the leftmost or rightmost bit is copied to the carry flag as well as rotated. RCL and RCR rotate through the carry flag. The carry flag becomes an extension of the operand so that a 9-bit rotation is done for 8-bit operands, or a 17-bit rotation for 16-bit operands.

On the 8088 and 8086, the source operand can be either CL or 1. On the 80186–80486, the source operand can be CL or an 8-bit constant. On the 80186–80486, rotate counts larger than 31 are masked off, but on the 8088 and 8086, larger rotate counts are performed despite the inefficiency involved. The overflow flag is modified only by single-bit variations of the instruction; for multiple-bit variations, the overflow flag is undefined.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
±                                    ±

Encoding

1101000w    mod, TTT*,r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

ROL  reg,1
ROR  reg,1

ror  ax,1
rol  dl,1

88/86
286
386
486

2
2
3
3

RCL  reg,1
RCR  reg,1

rcl  dx,1
rcr  bl,1

88/86
286
386
486

2
2
9
3

ROL  mem,1
ROR  mem,1

ror  bits,1
rol  WORD PTR [bx],1

88/86
286
386
486

15+EA (W88=23+EA)
7
7
4

RCL  mem,1
RCR
 mem,1

rcl  WORD PTR [si],1
rcr  WORD PTR m32[0],1

88/86
286
386
486

15+EA (W88=23+EA
7
10
4

 

Encoding

1101001w    mod, TTT*,r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

ROL  reg,CL
ROR
  reg,CL

ror  ax,cl
rol  dx,cl

88/86
286
386
486

8+4n
5+n
3
3

RCL  reg,CL
RCR
  reg,CL

rcl  dx,cl
rcr  bl,cl

88/86
286
386
486

8+4n
5+n
9
8–30

ROL  mem,CL
ROR
  mem,CL

ror  color,cl

rol  WORD PTR [bp+6],cl

88/86

286
386
486

20+EA+4n (W88=28+EA+4n)
8+n
7
4

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

RCL  mem,CL
RCR  mem,CL

rcr  WORD PTR [bx+di],cl

rcl  masker

88/86

286
386
486

20+EA+4n (W88=28+EA+4n)
8+n
10
9–31

 

Encoding

1100000w    mod,TTT*,r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)    data (1)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

ROL  reg,immed8
ROR  reg,immed8

rol  ax,13
ror  bl,3 286

88/86
286
386
486


5+n
3
2

RCL  reg,immed8
RCR  reg,immed8

rcl  bx,5
rcr  si,9

88/86
286
386
486


5+n
9
8–30

ROL  mem,immed8
ROR  mem,immed8

rol  BYTE PTR [bx],10
ror  bits,6

88/86
286
386
486


8+n
7
4

RCL  mem,immed8
RCR  mem,immed8

rcl  WORD PTR [bp+8],
rcr  masker,3

88/86
286
386
486


8+n
10
9–31

 

* TTT represents one of the following bit codes: 000 for ROL, 001 for ROR, 010 for RCL, or 011 for RCR.

 

REP    Repeat String

Repeats a string instruction the number of times indicated by CX. First, CX is compared to 0; if it equals 0, execution proceeds to the next instruction. Otherwise, CX is decremented, the string instruction is performed, and the loop continues. REP is used with MOVS and STOS. REP also can be used with INS and OUTS on the 80186–80486 processors. On all processors except the 80386–80486, combining a repeat prefix with a segment override can cause errors if an interrupt occurs.

Flags

No change

 

Encoding

11110011    1010010w

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

 

REP MOVS dest,src
REP MOVSB [[dest,src]]
REP MOVSW [[dest,src]]
REP MOVSD [[dest,src]]*

rep  movs source,dest
rep  movsw

88/86
286
386
486

9+17n (W88=9+25n)
5+4n
7+4n
12+3n#

 

Encoding

11110011    1010101w

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

 

 

REP STOS dest
REP STOSB [[dest]]
REP STOSW [[dest]]
REP STOSD [[dest]]*

rep  stosb
rep  stos dest

88/86
286
386
486

9+10n (W88=9+14n)
4+3n
5+5n
7+4n

 

Encoding

11110011    1010101w

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

REP LODS dest
REP LODSB [[dest]]
REP LODSW [[dest]]
REP LODSD [[dest]]*

rep  lodsb
rep  lods dest

88/86
286
386
486




7+4n

 

Encoding

11110011    0110110w

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

 

REP INS dest,DX
REP INSB [[dest,DX]]
REP INSW [[dest,DX]]
REP INSD [[dest,DX]]*

rep  insb
rep  ins dest,dx

88/86
286
386

486


5+4n
13+6n,pm=(7,27)+6n§
16+8n,pm=(10,30)+8n§

 

Encoding

11110011    0110111w

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

 

REP OUTS DX,src
REP OUTSB [[src]]
REP OUTSW [[src]]
REP OUTSD [[src]]*

rep  outs dx,source
rep  outsw

88/86
286
386
486


5+4n
12+5n,pm=(6,26)+5n§
17+5n,pm=(11,31)+5n§

 

* 80386–80486 only.

# 5 if n = 0, 13 if n = 1.

† 5 if n = 0.

§ First protected-mode timing: CPL IOPL. Second timing: CPL > IOPL.

 

REPcondition    Repeat String Conditionally

Repeats a string instruction as long as condition is true and the maximum count has not been reached. REPE and REPZ (they are synonyms) repeat while the zero flag is set. REPNE and REPNZ (they are synonyms) repeat while the zero flag is cleared. The conditional-repeat prefixes should only be used with SCAS and CMPS, since these are the only string instructions that modify the zero flag. Before executing the instruction, CX should be set to the maximum allowable number of repetitions. First, CX is compared to 0; if it equals 0, execution proceeds to the next instruction. Otherwise, CX is decremented, the string instruction is performed, and the loop continues. On all processors except the 80386–80486, combining a repeat prefix with a segment override may cause errors if an interrupt occurs during a string operation.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
                        ±           

Encoding

11110011    1010011w

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

REPE  CMPS src,dest
REPE CMPSB [[src,dest]]
REPE CMPSW [[src,dest]]
REPE CMPSD [[src,dest]]*

repz  cmpsb
repe  cmps src,dest

88/86
286
386
486

9+22n (W88=9+30n)
5+9n
5+9n
7+7n#

 

Encoding

11110011    1010111w

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

REPE SCAS dest
REPE SCASB [[dest]]
REPE SCASW [[dest]]
REPE SCASD [[dest]]*

repe  scas dest
repz  scasw

88/86
286
386
486

9+15n (W88=9+19n)
5+8n
5+8n
7+5n#

 

Encoding

11110010    1010011w

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

REPNE CMPS src,dest
REPNE CMPSB [[src,dest]]
REPNE CMPSW [[src,dest]]
REPNE CMPSD [[src,dest]]*

repne cmpsw
repnz cmps src,dest

88/86
286
386
486

9+22n (W88=9+30n)
5+9n
5+9n
7+7n#

 

Encoding

11110010    1010111w

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

REPNE SCAS des
REPNE SCASB [[dest]]
REPNE SCASW [[dest]]
REPNE SCASD [[dest]]*

repne scas dest
repnz scasb

88/86
286
386
486

9+15n (W88=9+19n)
5+8n
5+8n
7+5n*

 

* 80386–80486 only.

# 5 if n=0.

 

RET/RETN/RETF    Return from Procedure

Returns from a procedure by transferring control to an address popped from the top of the stack. A constant operand can be given indicating the number of additional bytes to release. The constant is normally used to adjust the stack for arguments pushed before the procedure was called. The size of a return (near or far) is the size of the procedure in which the RET is defined with the PROC directive. RETN can be used to specify a near return; RETF can specify a far return. A near return pops a word into IP. A far return pops a word into IP and then pops a word into CS. After the return, the number of bytes given in the operand (if any) is added to SP.

Flags

No change

Encoding

11000011

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

RET
RETN

ret
retn

88/86
286
386
486

16 (88=20)
11+m
10+m
5

 

Encoding

11000010    data (2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

RET  immed16
RETN  immed16

ret   2
retn  8

88/86
286
386
486

20 (88=24)
11+m
10+m
5

 

Encoding

11001011

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

RET
RETF

ret
retf

88/86
286
386
486

26 (88=34)
15+m,pm=25+m,55*
18+m,pm=32+m,62*
13,pm=18,33*

 

Encoding

11001010    data (2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

RET  immed16
RETF  immed16

ret   8
retf  32

88/86
286
386
486

25 (88=33)
15+m,pm=25+m,55*
18+m,pm=32+m,68*
14,pm=17,33*

 

* The first protected-mode timing is for a return to the same privilege level; the second is for a return to a lesser privilege level.

 

ROL/ROR    Rotate

See RCL/RCR.

 

SAHF    Store AH into Flags

Transfers AH into bits 0 to 7 of the flags register. This includes the carry, parity, auxiliary carry, zero, and sign flags, but not the trap, interrupt, direction, or overflow flags.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
                   ±   ±   ±   ±   ±

Encoding

10011110

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

SAHF

sahf

88/86
286
386
486

4
2
3
2

 

 

SAL/SAR    Shift

See SHL/SHR/SAL/SAR.

 

SBB    Subtract with Borrow

Adds the carry flag to the second operand, then subtracts that value from the first operand. The result is assigned to the first operand. SBB is used to subtract the least significant portions of numbers that must be processed in multiple registers.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
±                 ±   ±   ±   ±   ±

Encoding

000110dw    mod, reg, r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

SBB  reg,reg

sbb  dx,cx

88/86
286
386
486

3
2
2
1

SBB  mem,reg

sbb  WORD PTR m32[2],dx

88/86
286
386
486

16+EA (W88=24+EA)
7
6
3

SBB  reg,mem

sbb  dx,WORD PTR m32[2]

88/86
286
386
486

9+EA (W88=13+EA)
7
7
2

 

Encoding

100000sw    mod,011, r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)    data (1 or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

SBB  reg,immed

sbb  dx,45

88/86
286
386
486

4
3
2
1

SBB  mem,immed

sbb  WORD PTR m32[2],40

88/86
286
386
486

17+EA (W88=25+EA)
7
7
3

 

Encoding

0001110w    data (1 or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

SBB  accum,immed

sbb  ax,320 88/86

4
86
386
486


3
2
1

 

 

SCAS/SCASB/SCASW/SCASD    Scan String Flags

Scans a string to find a value specified in the accumulator register. The string to be scanned is considered the destination. ES:DI must point to that string, even if an operand is specified. For each element, the destination element is subtracted from the accumulator value and the flags are updated to reflect the result (although the result is not stored). DI is adjusted according to the size of the operands and the status of the direction flag. DI is increased if the direction flag has been cleared with CLD, or decreased if the direction flag has been set with STD.

If the SCAS form of the instruction is used, an operand must be provided to indicate the size of the data elements to be processed. No segment override is allowed. If SCASB (bytes), SCASW (words), or SCASD (doublewords on the 80386–80486 only) is used, the instruction determines the size of the data elements to be processed and whether the element scanned for is in AL, AX, or EAX.

SCAS and its variations are normally used with repeat prefixes. REPNE (or REPNZ) is used to find the first element in a string that matches the value in the accumulator register. REPE (or REPZ) is used to find the first mismatch. Before the scan, CX should contain the maximum number of elements to scan. After a REPNE SCAS, the zero flag is clear if the string does not contain the accumulator value. After a REPE SCAS, the zero flag is set if the string contains nothing but the accumulator value.

When the instruction finishes, ES:DI points to the element that follows (if the direction flag is clear) or precedes (if the direction flag is set) the match or mismatch. If CX decrements to 0, ES:DI points to the element that follows or precedes the last comparison. The zero flag is set or clear according to the result of the last comparison, not according to the value of CX.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
±                 ±   ±   ±   ±   ±

Encoding

1010111w

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

SCAS [[ES:]] dest
SCASB [[[[ES:]] dest]]
SCASW [[[[ES:]] dest]]
SCASD [[[[ES:]] dest]]*

repne  scasw
repe   scasb
scas   es:destin

88/86
286
386
486

15 (W88=19)
7
7
6

 

* 80386–80486 only

 

SETcondition    Set Conditionally

80386–80486 Only    Sets the byte specified in the operand to 1 if condition is true or to 0 if condition is false. The condition is tested by checking the flags shown in the table on the following page. The instruction is used to set Boolean flags conditionally.

Flags

No change

Encoding

00001111    1001cond    mod,000,r/m

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

SETcondition reg8

setc   dh
setz   al
setae  bl

88/86
286
386
486



4
true=4, false=3

SETcondition  mem8

seto   BTYE PTR [ebx]
setle  flag
sete   Booleans[di]

88/86
286
386
486



5
true=3, false=4

 

Set Conditions

Opcode

Mnemonic

Flags Checked

Description

10010010

SETB/SETNAE

CF=1

Set if below/not above or equal (unsigned comparisons)

10010011

SETAE/SETNB

CF=0

Set if above or equal/not below (unsigned comparisons)

10010110

SETBE/SETNA

CF=1 or ZF=1

Set if below or equal/not above (unsigned comparisons)

10010111

SETA/SETNBE

CF=0 and ZF=0

Set if above/not below or equal (unsigned comparisons)

10010100

SETE/SETZ

ZF=1

Set if equal/zero

10010101

SETNE/SETNZ

ZF=0

Set if not equal/not zero

Opcode

Mnemonic

Flags Checked

Description

10011100

SETL/SETNGE

SF_OF

Set if less/not greater or equal (signed comparisons)

10011101

SETGE/SETNL

SF=OF

Set if greater or equal/not less (signed comparisons)

10011110

SETLE/SETNG

ZF=1 or SF_OF

Set if less or equal/not greater or equal (signed comparisons)

10011111

SETG/SETNLE

ZF=0 and SF=OF

Set if greater/not less or equal (signed comparisons)

10011000

SETS

SF=1

Set if sign

10011001

SETNS

SF=0

Set if not sign

10010010

SETC

F=1

Set if carry

10010011

SETNC

CF=0

Set if not carry

10010000

SETO

OF=1

Set if overflow

10010001

SETNO

OF=0

Set if not overflow

10011010

SETP/SETPE

PF=1

Set if parity/parity even

10011011

SETNP/SETPO

PF=0

Set if no parity/parity odd

 

 

SGDT/SIDT/SLDT    Store Descriptor Table

80286-80486 Only    Stores a descriptor table register into a specified operand. SGDT stores the Global Descriptor Table; SIDT, the Interrupt Vector Table; and SLDT, the Local Descriptor Table. These instructions are generally useful only in privileged mode. See Intel documentation for details on descriptor tables and other protected-mode concepts.

Flags

No change

Encoding

00001111    00000001    mod,000,r/m    disp (2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

SGDT  mem48

sgdt  descriptor

88/86
286
386
486


11
9
10

 

Encoding

00001111    00000001    mod,001,r/m    disp (2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

SIDT  mem48

sidt  descriptor

88/86
286
386
486


12
9
10

 

Encoding

00001111    00000000    mod, 000,r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

SLDT  reg16

sldt  ax

88/86
286
386
486


2
2
2

SLDT  mem16

sldt  selector

88/86
286
386
486


3
2
3

 

 

SHL/SHR/SAL/SAR    Shift

Shifts the bits in the destination operand the number of times specified by the source operand. SAL and SHL shift the bits left; SAR and SHR shift right.

With SHL, SAL, and SHR, the bit shifted off the end of the operand is copied into the carry flag, and the leftmost or rightmost bit opened by the shift is set to 0. With SAR, the bit shifted off the end of the operand is copied into the carry flag, and the leftmost bit opened by the shift retains its previous value (thus preserving the sign of the operand). SAL and SHL are synonyms.

On the 8088 and 8086, the source operand can be either CL or 1. On the 80186–80486 processors, the source operand can be CL or an 8-bit constant. On the 80186–80486 processors, shift counts larger than 31 are masked off, but on the 8088 and 8086, larger shift counts are performed despite the inefficiency. Only single-bit variations of the instruction modify the overflow flag; for multiple-bit variations, the overflow flag is undefined.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
±                 ±   ±   ?   ±   ±

Encoding

1101000w    mod,TTT*,r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

SAR  reg,1

sar  di,1
sar  cl,1

88/86
286
386
486

2
2
3
3

SAL  reg,1
SHL
  reg,1
SHR
  reg,1
SAR
  mem,1

shr  dh,1
shl  si,1
sal  bx,1
sar  count,1

88/86
286
386
486

2
2
3
3

88/86
286
386
486

15+EA (W88=23+EA)
7
7
4

SAL  mem,1
SHL
  mem,1
SHR
  mem,1

sal  WORD PTR m32[0],1
shl  index,1
shr  unsign[di],1

88/86
286
386
486

15+EA (W88=23+EA)
7
7
4

 

Encoding

1101001w    mod,TTT*,r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

SAR  reg,CL

sar  bx,cl
sar  dx,cl

88/86
286
386
486

8+4n
5+n
3
3

SAL  reg,CL
SHL
  reg,CL
SHR
  reg,CL

shr  dx,cl
shl  di,cl
sal  ah,cl

88/86
286
386
486

8+4n
5+n
3
3

SAR  mem,CL

sar  sign,cl

sar  WORD PTR [bp+8],cl

88/86

286
386
486

20+EA+4n (W88=28+EA+4n)
8+n
7
4

SAL  mem,CL
SHL
  mem,CL
SHR
  mem,CL

shr  WORD PTR m32[2],cl
sal  BYTE PTR [di],cl
shl  index,cl

88/86

286
386
486

20+EA+4n (W88=28+EA+4n)
8+n
7
4

 

Encoding

1100000w    mod,TTT*,r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)    data (1)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

SAR  reg,immed8

sar  bx,5
sar  cl,5

88/86
286
386
486


5+n
3
2

SAL  reg,immed8
SHL  reg,immed8
SHR  reg,immed8

sal  cx,6
shl  di,2
shr  bx,8

88/86
286
386
486


5+n
3
2

SAR  mem,immed8

sar  sign_count,3
sar  WORD PTR [bx],5

88/86
286
386
486


8+n
7
4

SAL  reg,immed8
SHL  reg,immed8
SHR  reg,immed8

shr  mem16,11
shl  unsign,4
sal  array[bx+di],14

88/86
286
386
486


8+n
7
4

 

* TTT represents one of the following bit codes: 100 for SHL or SAL, 101 for SHR, or 111 for SAR.

 

SHLD/SHRD    Double Precision Shift

80386–80486 Only    Shifts the bits of the second operand into the first operand. The number of bits shifted is specified by the third operand. SHLD shifts the first operand to the left by the number of positions specified in the count. The positions opened by the shift are filled by the most significant bits of the second operand. SHRD shifts the first operand to the right by the number of positions specified in the count. The positions opened by the shift are filled by the least significant bits of the second operand. The count operand can be either CL or an 8-bit constant. If a shift count larger than 31 is given, it is adjusted by using the remainder (modulo) of a division by 32.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
?                  ±   ±   ?   ±   ±

 

Encoding

00001111    10100100    mod,reg,r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)    data (1)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

SHLD  reg16,reg16,immed8
SHLD  reg32,reg32,immed8

shld  ax,dx,10

88/86
286
386
486



3
2

SHLD  mem16,reg16,immed8
SHLD  mem32,reg32,immed8

shld  bits,cx,5

88/86
286
386
486



7
3

 

Encoding

00001111    10101100    mod,reg,r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)    data (1)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

SHRD  reg16,reg16,immed8
SHRD  reg32,reg32,immed8

shrd  cx,si,3

88/86
286
386
486



3
2

SHRD  mem16,reg16,immed8
SHRD  mem32,reg32,immed8

shrd  [di],dx,13

88/86
286
386
486



7
3

 

Encoding

00001111    10100101    mod,reg,r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

SHLD  reg16,reg16,CL
SHLD
  reg32,reg32,CL

shld  ax,dx,cl

88/86
286
386
486



3
3

SHLD  mem16,reg16,CL
SHLD
  mem32,reg32,CL

shld  masker,ax,cl

88/86
286
386
486



7
4

 

 

Encoding

00001111    10101101    mod,reg,r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

SHRD  reg16,reg16,CL
SHRD
  reg32,reg32,CL

shrd  bx,dx,cl

88/86
286
386
486



3
3

SHRD  mem16,reg16,CL
SHRD
  mem32,reg32,CL

shrd  [bx],dx,cl

88/86
286
386
486



7
4

 

 

SMSW    Store Machine Status Word

80286-80486 Only    Stores the Machine Status Word (MSW) into a specified memory operand. SMSW is generally useful only in protected mode. See Intel documentation for details on the MSW and other protected-mode concepts.

Flags

No change

Encoding

00001111    00000001    mod,100,r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

SMSW  reg16

smsw  ax

88/86
286
386
486


2
2
2

SMSW  mem16

smsw  machine

88/86
286
386
486


3
3
3

 

 

STC    Set Carry Flag

Sets the carry flag.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
                                      1

Encoding

11111001

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

STC

stc

88/86
286
386
486

2
2
2
2

 

 

STD    Set Direction Flag

Sets the direction flag. All subsequent string instructions will process down (from high addresses to low addresses).

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
     1                               

Encoding

11111101

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

STD

std

88/86
286
386
486

2
2
2
2

 

 

STI    Set Interrupt Flag

Sets the interrupt flag. When the interrupt flag is set, maskable interrupts are recognized. If interrupts were disabled by a previous CLI instruction, pending interrupts will not be executed immediately; they will be executed after the instruction following STI.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
          1                          

Encoding

11111011

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

STI

sti

88/86
286
386
486

2
2
3
5

 

 

STOS/STOSB/STOSW/STOSD    Store String Data

Stores the value of the accumulator in a string. The string is the destination and must be pointed to by ES:DI, even if an operand is given. For each source element loaded, DI is adjusted according to the size of the operand and the status of the direction flag. DI is incremented if the direction flag has been cleared with CLD or decremented if the direction flag has been set with STD.

If the STOS form of the instruction is used, an operand must be provided to indicate the size of the data elements to be processed. No segment override is allowed. If STOSB (bytes), STOSW (words), or STOSD (doublewords on the 80386–80486 only) is used, the instruction determines the size of the data elements to be processed and whether the element comes from AL, AX, or EAX.

STOS and its variations are often used with the REP prefix to fill a string with a repeated value. Before the repeated instruction is executed, CX should contain the number of elements to store.

Flags

No change

Encoding

1010101w

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

STOS [[ES:]] dest
STOSB [[[[ES:]] dest]]
STOSW [[[[ES:]] dest]]
STOSD [[[[ES:]] dest]]*

stos es:dstring
rep  stosw
rep  stosb

88/86
286
386
486

11 (W88=15)
3
4
5

 

* 80386–80486 only

 

STR    Store Task Register

80286-80486 Only    Stores the current task register to the specified operand. This instruction is generally useful only in privileged mode. See Intel documentation for details on task registers and other protected-mode concepts.

Flags

No change

Encoding

00001111    00000000    mod, 001, reg    disp (0, 1, or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

STR  reg16

str  cx

88/86
286
386
486


2
2
2

STR  mem16

str  taskreg

88/86
286
386 
486


3
2
3

 

 

SUB    Subtract

Subtracts the source operand from the destination operand and stores the result in the destination operand.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
±                 ±   ±   ±   ±   ±

Encoding

001010dw    mod, reg, r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

SUB  reg,reg

sub  ax,bx
sub  bh,dh

88/86
286
386
486

3
2
2
1

SUB  mem,reg

sub  tally,bx
sub  array[di],bl

88/86
286
386
486

16+EA (W88=24+EA)
7
6
3

 

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

SUB  reg,mem

sub  cx,discard
sub  al,[bx]

88/86
286
386
486

9+EA (W88=13+EA)
7
7
2

 

Encoding

100000sw    mod,101,r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)    data (1 or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

SUB  reg,immed

sub  dx,45
sub  bl,7

88/86
286
386
486

4
3
2
1

SUB  mem,immed

sub  total,4000
sub  BYTE PTR [bx+di],2

88/86
286
386
486

17+EA (W88=25+EA)
7
7
3

 

Encoding

0010110w    data (1 or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

SUB  accum,immed

sub  ax,32000

88/86
286
386
486

4
3
2
1

 

 

TEST    Logical Compare

Tests specified bits of an operand and sets the flags for a subsequent conditional jump or set instruction. One of the operands contains the value to be tested. The other contains a bit mask indicating the bits to be tested. TEST works by doing a bitwise AND operation on the source and destination operands. The flags are modified according to the result, but the destination operand is not changed. This instruction is the same as the AND instruction, except the result is not stored.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
0                 ±   ±   ?   ±   0

 

Encoding

1000010w    mod, reg, r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

TEST  reg,reg

test  dx,bx
test  bl,ch

88/86
286
386
486

3
2
2
1

TEST  mem,reg
TEST  reg,mem*

test  dx,flags
test  bl,bitarray[bx]

88/86
286
386
486

9+EA (W88=13+EA)
6
5
2

 

Encoding

1111011w    mod,000,r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)    data (1 or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

TEST  reg,immed

test  cx,30h
test  cl,1011b

88/86
286
386
486

5
3
2
1

TEST  mem,immed

test  masker,1
test  BYTE PTR [bx],03h

88/86
286
386
486

11+EA
6
5
2

 

Encoding

1010100w    data (1 or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

TEST  accum,immed

test  ax,90h

88/86
286
386
486

4
3
2
1

 

* MASM transposes TEST reg,mem; that is, it is encoded as TEST mem,reg.

 

VERR/VERW    Verify Read or Write

80286-80486 Protected Only    Verifies that a specified segment selector is valid and can be read or written to at the current privilege level. VERR verifies that the selector is readable. VERW verifies that the selector can be written to. If the segment is verified, the zero flag is set. Otherwise, the zero flag is cleared.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
                        ±           

Encoding

00001111    00000000    mod, 100,r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

VERR  reg16

verr  ax

88/86
286
386
486


14
10
11

VERR  mem16

verr  selector

88/86
286
386
486


16
11
11

 

Encoding

00001111    00000000    mod, 101,r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

VERW  reg16

verw  cx

88/86
286
386
486


14
15
11

VERW  mem16

verw  selector

88/86
286
386
486


16
16
11

 

 

WAIT    Wait

Suspends processor execution until the processor receives a signal that a coprocessor has finished a simultaneous operation. It should be used to prevent a coprocessor instruction from modifying a memory location that is being modified simultaneously by a processor instruction. WAIT is the same as the coprocessor FWAIT instruction.

Flags

No change

Encoding

10011011

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

WAIT

wait

88/86
286
386
486

4
3
6
1–3

 

 

WBINVD    Write Back and Invalidate Data Cache

80486 Only    Empties the contents of the current data cache after writing changes to memory. Proper use of this instruction requires knowledge of how contents are placed in the cache. WBINVD is intended primarily for system programming. See Intel documentation for details.

Flags

No change

Encoding

00001111    00001001

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

WBINVD

wbinvd

88/86
286
386
486




5

 

XADD    Exchange and Add

80486 Only    Adds the source and destination operands and stores the sum in the destination; simultaneously, the original value of the destination is moved to the source. The instruction sets flags according to the result of the addition.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
±                 ±   ±   ±   ±   ±

Encoding

00001111    1100000b    mod, reg, r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

XADD mem,reg

xadd  warr[bx],ax
xadd  string,bl

88/86
286
386
486




4

XADD reg,reg

xadd  dl,al
xadd  bx,dx

88/86
286
386
486




3

 

 

XCHG    Exchange

Exchanges the values of the source and destination operands.

Flags

No change

Encoding

1000011w    mod,reg,r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

XCHG  reg,reg

xchg  cx,dx
xchg  bl,dh
xchg  al,ah

88/86
286
386
486

4
3
3
3

XCHG  reg,mem
XCHG  mem,reg

xchg  [bx],ax
xchg  bx,pointer

88/86
286
386
486

17+EA (W88=25+EA)
5
5
5

 

Encoding

10010 reg

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

XCHG  accum,reg16*
XCHG  reg16,accum*

xchg  ax,cx
xchg  cx,ax

88/86
286
386
486

3
3
3
3

 

* On the 80386–80486, the accumulator may also be exchanged with a 32-bit register.

 

XLAT/XLATB    Translate

Translates a value from one coding system to another by looking up the value to be translated in a table stored in memory. Before the instruction is executed, BX should point to a table in memory and AL should contain the unsigned position of the value to be translated from the table. After the instruction, AL contains the table value at the specified position. No operand is required, but one can be given to specify a segment override. DS is assumed unless a segment override is given. XLATB is a synonym for XLAT. Either version allows an operand, but neither requires one.

 

Flags

No change

Encoding

11010111

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

XLAT [[[[segreg:]] mem]]
XLATB [[[[segreg:]] mem]]

xlat
xlatb  es:table

88/86
286
386
486

11
5
5
4

 

 

XOR    Exclusive OR

Performs a bitwise exclusive OR operation on the source and destination operands and stores the result in the destination. For each bit position in the operands, if both bits are set or if both bits are cleared, the corresponding bit of the result is cleared. Otherwise, the corresponding bit of the result is set.

Flags

 O  D  I    T   S   Z   A   P   C
0                 ±   ±   ?   ±   0

Encoding

001100dw    mod, reg, r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

 

 

XOR  reg,reg

xor  cx,bx
xor  ah,al

88/86
286
386
486

3
2
2
1

XOR  mem,reg

xor  [bp+10],cx
xor  masked,bx

88/86
286
386
486

16+EA (W88=24+EA)
7
6
3

XOR  reg,mem

xor  cx,flags
xor  bl,bitarray[di]

88/86
286
386
486

9+EA (W88=13+EA)
7
7
2

 

 

Encoding

100000sw    mod,110,r/m    disp (0, 1, or 2)    data (1 or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

 

XOR  reg,immed

xor  bx,10h
xor  bl,1

88/86
286
386
486

4
3
2
1

XOR  mem,immed

xor  Boolean,1
xor  switches[bx],101b

88/86
286
386
486

17+EA (W88=25+EA)
7
7
3

 

Encoding

0011010w    data (1 or 2)

Syntax

Examples

CPU

Clock Cycles

XOR  accum,immed

xor  ax,01010101b

88/86
286
386
486

4
3
2
1