FreeBSD 使用手冊
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給讀者的話

若您是第一次接觸 FreeBSD 的新手，可以在本書第一部分找到 FreeBSD 的安裝方法，同時會逐步介紹 UNIX® 的基礎概念與一些常用、共通的東西。而閱讀這部分並不難，只需要您有探索的精神和接受新概念。

讀完這些之後，手冊中的第二部分花很長篇幅介紹的各種廣泛主題，相當值得系統管理者去注意。在閱讀這些章節的內容時所需要的背景知識，都註釋在該章的大綱裡面，若不熟的話，可在閱讀前先預習一番。

延伸閱讀方面，可參閱 Appendix B。

第三版的主要修訂

您目前看到的這本手冊第三版是 FreeBSD 文件計劃的成員歷時兩年完成的心血之作。新版的主要修訂部分，如下：

Chapter 11, 設定與效能調校(Tuning)，該章節針對新內容作更新，比如： ACPI 電源管理、cron、以及其他更多的 kernel tuning 選項說明內容。
Chapter 14, 系統安全篇，該章節增加了虛擬私人網路(VPN)、檔案系統的存取控制(ACL)，以及安全公告(Security Advisories)的內容。
Chapter 15, 集權式存取控制(MAC)是本版所增加的章節。本章介紹：什麼是 MAC 機制？以及如何運用它來使您的 FreeBSD 系統更安全。
Chapter 17, 儲存設備篇，新增了像是：USB 隨身碟、檔案系統快照(snapshot)、檔案系統配額(quota) 、檔案及網路的備援檔案系統、以及如何對硬碟分割區作加密等詳解。
Chapter 19Vinum是本版所新增的章節。本章介紹：如何運用 Vinum 這種邏輯磁碟(device-independent) ，以及軟體 RAID-0, RAID-1 和 RAID-5 。
Chapter 23PPP 及 SLIP 一章中增加了故障排除的說明。
Chapter 24電子郵件一章中新增有關如何使用其它的 MTA 程式、SMTP 認証、UUCP、fecthmail、procmail 的運用以及其它進階專題。
Chapter 25, 網路伺服器篇，是新版中全新的一章。這一章介紹了如何架設 Apache HTTP 伺服器、FTPd，以及用於支援 Microsoft Windows client 的 Samba 伺服器。其中有些段落來自原先的Chapter 27進階網路應用一章。
Chapter 27進階網路應用一章新增有關在 FreeBSD 中使用藍芽設備、安裝無線網路以及使用 ATM(Asynchronous Transfer Mode) 網路的介紹。
增加了一份詞彙表(Glossary)，用以說明全書中出現的術語。
重新美編書中所列的圖表。

第二版的主要修訂

本手冊的第二版是 FreeBSD 文件計劃的成員歷時兩年完成的心血之作。第二版包含了如下的主要變動︰

增加完整的目錄索引。
所有的 ASCII 圖表均改成圖檔格式的圖表。
每個章節均加入概述，以便快速的瀏覽該章節內容摘要、讀者所欲了解的部分。
內容架構重新組織成三大部分: “開始使用 FreeBSD”, “系統管理”, and “附錄”。
Chapter 2 (“安裝 FreeBSD”) 已經重新改寫，並加入許多說明圖片，讓第一次接觸 FreeBSD 的人，直接看圖就很清楚明瞭重點(一圖抵千字的效果)。
Chapter 3(“UNIX 基礎概念篇”)新增了 processes, daemons 和 signals 的介紹。
Chapter 4 (“軟體套件管理篇”)新增了介紹如何管理 binary package 套件的資訊。
Chapter 5 (“X Window 視窗系統篇”) 經過全面改寫，著重於在 XFree86™ 4.X 上的流行 x11-wm，像是： KDE 和 GNOME 。
Chapter 12 (“FreeBSD 開機流程篇”)更新相關內容。
Chapter 17 (“儲存設備篇(Storage)”) 分別以兩個章節 “Disks” 與 “Backups” 來撰寫。我們認為這樣子會比單一章節來得容易瞭解。還有關於 RAID(包含硬體、軟體RAID) 的段落也新增上去了。
Chapter 22(“Serial 通訊篇”)架構重新改寫，並更新至 FreeBSD 4.X/5.X 的內容。
Chapter 23 (“PPP 及 SLIP”)有相當程度的更新。
Chapter 27(“進階網路應用篇”)加入許多新內容。
Chapter 24 (“電子郵件篇”)大量新增了設定 sendmail 的介紹。
Chapter 10 (“Linux® 相容篇”) 增加許多有關安裝 Oracle® 及 SAP® R/3® 的介紹。
此外，第二版還新加章節，以介紹下列專題：
- Chapter 11, 設定與效能調校(Tuning)。
- Chapter 7, 多媒體影音娛樂(Multimedia)。

本書架構

本書主要分為五大部分，第一部份『開始使用』：介紹 FreeBSD 的安裝、基本操作。讀者可根據自己的程度，循序或者跳過一些熟悉的主題來閱讀；第二部分『常用操作』：介紹 FreeBSD 常用功能，這部分可以不按順序來讀。每章前面都會有概述，概述會描述本章節涵蓋的內容和讀者應該已知的，這主要是讓讀者可以挑喜歡的章節閱讀；第三部分『系統管理』：介紹 FreeBSD 老手所感興趣的各種專題部分；第四部分『網路通訊』：則包括網路和各式 Server 專題；而第五部分『附錄』：是各種有關 FreeBSD 的資源。

Chapter 1, 簡介篇: 向新手介紹 FreeBSD。該篇說明了 FreeBSD 計劃的歷史、目標和開發模式。
Chapter 2, 安裝篇: Walks a user through the entire installation process. Some advanced installation topics, such as installing through a serial console, are also covered.
Chapter 3, UNIX 基礎概念篇: Covers the basic commands and functionality of the FreeBSD operating system. If you are familiar with Linux or another flavor of UNIX then you can probably skip this chapter.
Chapter 4, 軟體套件管理篇: Covers the installation of third-party software with both FreeBSD's innovative “Ports Collection” and standard binary packages.
Chapter 5, X Window 視窗系統篇: Describes the X Window System in general and using X11 on FreeBSD in particular. Also describes common desktop environments such as KDE and GNOME.
Chapter 6, Desktop Applications: Lists some common desktop applications, such as web browsers and productivity suites, and describes how to install them on FreeBSD.
Chapter 7, Multimedia: Shows how to set up sound and video playback support for your system. Also describes some sample audio and video applications.
Chapter 8, Configuring the FreeBSD Kernel: Explains why you might need to configure a new kernel and provides detailed instructions for configuring, building, and installing a custom kernel.
Chapter 9, 列印篇: Describes managing printers on FreeBSD, including information about banner pages, printer accounting, and initial setup.
Chapter 10, Linux Binary Compatibility: Describes the Linux compatibility features of FreeBSD. Also provides detailed installation instructions for many popular Linux applications such as Oracle, SAP R/3, and Mathematica®.
Chapter 11, Configuration and Tuning: Describes the parameters available for system administrators to tune a FreeBSD system for optimum performance. Also describes the various configuration files used in FreeBSD and where to find them.
Chapter 12, Booting Process: Describes the FreeBSD boot process and explains how to control this process with configuration options.
Chapter 13, Users and Basic Account Management: Describes the creation and manipulation of user accounts. Also discusses resource limitations that can be set on users and other account management tasks.
Chapter 14, Security: Describes many different tools available to help keep your FreeBSD system secure, including Kerberos, IPsec and OpenSSH.
Chapter 15, Mandatory Access Control: Explains what Mandatory Access Control (MAC) is and how this mechanism can be used to secure a FreeBSD system.
Chapter 17, Storage: Describes how to manage storage media and filesystems with FreeBSD. This includes physical disks, RAID arrays, optical and tape media, memory-backed disks, and network filesystems.
Chapter 18, GEOM: Describes what the GEOM framework in FreeBSD is and how to configure various supported RAID levels.
Chapter 19, Vinum: Describes how to use Vinum, a logical volume manager which provides device-independent logical disks, and software RAID-0, RAID-1 and RAID-5.
Chapter 20, Localization: Describes how to use FreeBSD in languages other than English. Covers both system and application level localization.
Chapter 21, The Cutting Edge: Explains the differences between FreeBSD-STABLE, FreeBSD-CURRENT, and FreeBSD releases. Describes which users would benefit from tracking a development system and outlines that process.
Chapter 22, Serial Communications: Explains how to connect terminals and modems to your FreeBSD system for both dial in and dial out connections.
Chapter 23, PPP and SLIP: Describes how to use PPP, SLIP, or PPP over Ethernet to connect to remote systems with FreeBSD.
Chapter 24, Electronic Mail: Explains the different components of an email server and dives into simple configuration topics for the most popular mail server software: sendmail.
Chapter 25, Network Servers: Provides detailed instructions and example configuration files to set up your FreeBSD machine as a network filesystem server, domain name server, network information system server, or time synchronization server.
Chapter 26, Firewalls: Explains the philosophy behind software-based firewalls and provides detailed information about the configuration of the different firewalls available for FreeBSD.
Chapter 27, Advanced Networking: Describes many networking topics, including sharing an Internet connection with other computers on your LAN, advanced routing topics, wireless networking, bluetooth, ATM, IPv6, and much more.
Appendix A, Obtaining FreeBSD: Lists different sources for obtaining FreeBSD media on CDROM or DVD as well as different sites on the Internet that allow you to download and install FreeBSD.
Appendix B, Bibliography: This book touches on many different subjects that may leave you hungry for a more detailed explanation. The bibliography lists many excellent books that are referenced in the text.
Appendix C, Resources on the Internet: Describes the many forums available for FreeBSD users to post questions and engage in technical conversations about FreeBSD.
Appendix D, PGP Keys: Lists the PGP fingerprints of several FreeBSD Developers.

本書編排的慣例

為方便閱讀本書，以下是一些本書所遵循的編排規則：

文字編排風格

斜體字型(Italic): An italic font is used for filenames, URLs, emphasized text, and the first usage of technical terms.
定寬字型(Monospace): A monospaced font is used for error messages, commands, environment variables, names of ports, hostnames, user names, group names, device names, variables, and code fragments.
粗體字型(Bold): 以粗體字表示：應用程式、命令、按鍵。

代表要『輸入』的地方

Keys are shown in bold to stand out from other text. Key combinations that are meant to be typed simultaneously are shown with `+' between the keys, such as:

Ctrl+Alt+Del

Meaning the user should type the Ctrl, Alt, and Del keys at the same time.

Keys that are meant to be typed in sequence will be separated with commas, for example:

Ctrl+X, Ctrl+S

Would mean that the user is expected to type the Ctrl and X keys simultaneously and then to type the Ctrl and S keys simultaneously.

舉個實例

Examples starting with E:\> indicate a MS-DOS® command. Unless otherwise noted, these commands may be executed from a “Command Prompt” window in a modern Microsoft® Windows® environment.

E:\> tools\fdimage floppies\kern.flp A:

Examples starting with # indicate a command that must be invoked as the superuser in FreeBSD. You can login as root to type the command, or login as your normal account and use su(1) to gain superuser privileges.

# dd if=kern.flp of=/dev/fd0

Examples starting with % indicate a command that should be invoked from a normal user account. Unless otherwise noted, C-shell syntax is used for setting environment variables and other shell commands.

% top

致謝

您所看到的這本書是經過數百個分散在世界各地的人所努力而來的結果。無論他們只是糾正一些錯誤或提交完整的章節，所有的點滴貢獻都是非常寶貴有用的。

也有一些公司透過提供資金讓作者專注於撰稿、提供出版資金等模式來支持文件的寫作。其中，BSDi (之後併入 Wind River Systems) 資助 FreeBSD 文件計劃成員來專職改善這本書直到 2000 年 3 月第一版的出版。(ISBN 1-57176-241-8) Wind River Systems 同時資助其他作者來對輸出架構做很多改進，以及給文章增加一些附加章節。這項工作結束於 2001 年 11 月第二版。(ISBN 1-57176-303-1) 在 2003-2004 兩年中，FreeBSD Mall 把報酬支付給改進這本手冊以使第三版印刷版本能夠出版的志工。